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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Mar 1.
Published in final edited form as: Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2019 Jan 4;98:85–94. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.12.030

Table 2.

Summary of Meta-Analyses Comparing Variability of Brain Structure Volumes in Schizophrenia and Controls

Number of Samples (Studies) Combined Sample Size
 Variability Ratio
Brain Structure Hemisphere Patients Controls Effect Size Effect Size 95% CI Effect Size p-value Cochran’s Q (p-value) I2 ERT (p-value)
Intracranial Volume 125
(111)		 4515 4752 1.028 (1.010/1.046) 0.002 2094.17
(<0.001)		 94.1 0.843
(0.128)
Total Brain Volume Bilateral 85
(76)		 2830 3046 1.002 (0.968/1.037) 0.909 3212.57
(<0.001)		 97.4 0.740
(0.517)
Left 11
(8)		 280 249 1.009 (0.915/1.112) 0.863 142.94
(<0.001)		 93.0 −1.344
(0.602)
Right 11
(8)		 280 249 1.030 (0.955/1.110) 0.449 83.63
(<0.001)		 88.0 −1.748
(0.367)
Total Gray Matter Volume Bilateral 69
(63)		 2617 2737 1.024 (0.993/1.055) 0.128 2001.74
(<0.001)		 96.6 −1.771
(0.110)
Left 5
(4)		 238 236 1.045 (0.967/1.129) 0.271 65.36
(<0.001)		 93.9 −0.943
(0.872)
Right 5
(4)		 238 236 1.038 (0.968/1.113) 0.290 52.46
(<0.001)		 92.4 0.063
(0.990)
Lateral Ventricle Bilateral 14
(13)		 695 681 1.087 (1.030/1.146) 0.002 373.97
(<0.001)		 96.5 −3.164
(0.143)
Left 20
(16)		 839 852 1.128 (1.043/1.219) 0.003 1186.50
(<0.001)		 98.4 −1.005
(0.720)
Right 20
(16)		 839 852 1.141 (1.032/1.261) 0.010 1982.10
(<0.001)		 99.0 1.502
(0.678)
Third Ventricle 17
(16)		 760 710 1.141 (1.092/1.193) <0.001 295.67
(<0.001)		 94.6 1.734
(0.259)
GM Frontal Lobe Bilateral 6
(5)		 206 259 1.056 (0.969/1.151) 0.212 77.42
(<0.001)		 93.5 −3.794
(0.369)
Left 8
(5)		 199 253 1.112 (0.996/1.242) 0.059 110.68
(<0.001)		 93.7 −4.055
(0.407)
Right 8
(5)		 199 253 1.146 (0.987/1.331) 0.074 207.76
(<0.001)		 96.6 −3.416
(0.617)
GM Prefrontal Lobe Bilateral 7
(6)		 319 308 1.037 (0.982/1.095) 0.193 34.94
(<0.001)		 82.8 0.755
(0.580)
Left 7
(7)		 182 192 1.079 (0.954/1.220) 0.224 100.96
(<0.001)		 94.1 −1.739
(0.657)
Right 7
(7)		 182 192 0.913 (0.803/1.037) 0.161 109.01
(<0.001)		 94.5 −7.427*
(0.016)
GM Temporal Lobe Bilateral 7
(6)		 206 253 0.944 (0.805/1.107) 0.476 267.25
(<0.001)		 97.8 8.876
(0.217)
Left 9
(7)		 234 269 1.030 (0.914/1.160) 0.631 164.07
(<0.001)		 95.1 −0.733
(0.896)
Right 9
(7)		 234 269 1.034 (0.944/1.132) 0.473 94.27
(<0.001)		 91.5 0.877
(0.837)
GM Superior Temporal Gyrus Left 9
(8)		 330 386 0.946 (0.876/1.022) 0.162 165.38
(<0.001)		 95.2 0,455
(0.886)
Right 9
(8)		 330 386 1.013 (0.925/1.111) 0.774 233.51
(<0.001)		 96.6 −0.085
(0.982)
Hippocampus Bilateral 10
(10)		 416 459 1.012 (0.976/1.049) 0.527 44.71
(<0.001)		 79.9 0.191
(0.865)
Left 66
(57)		 2345 2558 1.001 (0.976/1.027) 0.928 1204.03
(<0.001)		 94.6 0.141
(0.850)
Right 66
(57)		 2345 2558 1.021 (0.988/1.054) 0.216 2080.11
(<0.001)		 96.9 0.906
(0.353)
Fusiform Gyrus Left 5
(4)		 193 191 0.949 (0.827/1.088) 0.450 80.16
(<0.001)		 95.0 −2.157
(0.567)
Right 5
(4)		 193 191 0.954 (0.886/1.027) 0.214 22.26
(<0.001)		 82.0 −1.826
(0.329)
Planum Temporale Left 13
(13)		 415 379 0.969 (0.904/1.038) 0.372 169.61
(<0.001)		 92.9 2.199
(0.329)
Right 13
(13)		 415 379 0.948 (0.895/1.004) 0.067 112.30
(<0.001)		 89.3 2.047
(0.261)
Insula Left 5
(4)		 111 101 0.928 (0.838/1.028) 0.152 21.23
(<0.001)		 81.2 −2.562
(0.585)
Right 5
(4)		 111 101 1.003 (0.887/1.133) 0.963 30.55
(<0.001)		 86.9 8.233*
(0.044)
Caudate Nucleus Bilateral 10
(9)		 323 404 1.035 (0.905/1.184) 0.613 546.57
(<0.001)		 98.4 −4.366
(0.521)
Left 22
(20)		 825 891 0.928 (0.838/1.028) 0.152 21.23
(<0.001)		 81.2 −0.325
(0.793)
Right 22
(20)		 825 891 1.026 (0.995/1.058) 0.104 166.60
(<0.001)		 87.4 1.065
(0.243)

Note. CI: confidence interval; ERT: Egger’s Regression Test statistic. Variability ratios were natural log transformed for meta-analysis and are shown here exponentiated for ease of interpretation.