Figure 1.

Cytohesin-3 is required for full IR-activation in the liver. 10 minutes after i.p. injection of non-fasted male and female wt (white bars) and cyth3^−/− (ko, black bars) mice with insulin (0.75 U/kg of body weight) livers were removed and the activation of AKT (a) ERK (b) and the insulin receptor (IR) (c) was measured as a ratio of phosphorylated to total protein levels. Representative Western blot analyses are shown in which each lane represents an individual mouse (*Unspecific band). The activation was normalized to insulin-stimulated wt mice (A, B: n = 6 control mice, 2 male and 4 female mice; 9 insulin-injected mice, 3 male and 6 female mice; C: n = 3 control mice, 2 male and 1 female mice; 6 insulin-injected mice, 3 male and 3 female mice). Gene expression of glucokinase (Gck) (d) and Pepck (e) in livers from male and female wt and cyth3^−/− (ko) mice was analyzed by PCR with food ad libitum (al, white bars, n = 6), after a starvation period for 12 hours (f, hatched bars, n = 8) and after re-feeding for four hours (r, black bars, n = 8) (n = 6–8, 2–4 male and 4 female mice). The expression was normalized to Hprt and calculated in comparison to fasted wt livers, which were set to 1. The results are given in means + SEM (*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; n.s. = not significant).