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. 2019 Jan 30;9(4):1047–1065. doi: 10.7150/thno.29820

Figure 5.

Figure 5

The consumption of GSH and overproduction of ROS. (A) The concentration of GSH in cells treated with NP-cRGD+US, cisplatin, Pt(IV), Pt(IV) NPs, Pt(IV) NPs+US, Pt(IV) NP-cRGD and Pt(IV) NP-cRGD+US (30 μM eq.) for 48 h, as tested by the absorbance of TNB. (B, C) The ROS level using the DCFH-DA dye after treatment with NP-cRGD+US, cisplatin, Pt(IV), Pt(IV) NPs, Pt(IV) NPs+US, Pt(IV) NP-cRGD and Pt(IV) NP-cRGD+US (30 μM eq.) for 48 h, as detected by fluorescence microscope (B) and flow cytometry (C). All pictures show merged images, which include the nuclei (blue) and DCFH (green). Original magnification, 200×; Scale bar 100 μm. (D) Concentration of nitric oxide in the cells, as tested by the intensity of DAF-FM DA. (E) Concentration of oxygen superoxides in the cells, as tested by the absorbance of WST-1. The data are shown as the mean ± SD of three independent experiments. Statistical significance was calculated by one-way ANOVA with Tukey's post hoc test. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.005, NS indicates P > 0.05.