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. 2019 Jan 30;9(4):1170–1180. doi: 10.7150/thno.26281

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RPE-specific deletion of TSC1 leads to mTORC1 activation in mice RPE. (A- B) TSC1 staining of RPE flat mounts (A, Scale bar: 20 μm) and retinal sections (B, Scale bar: 25 μm) indicated the loss of TSC1 protein in the RPE of RPE-TSC1^-/- mice. Phalloidin staining was used to outline cell boundaries. (C) Phosphorylated levels of Akt^Ser473, p70s6K^Thr389, and S6^Ser235/236 protein in 2-month RPE-choroid complex of RPE-TSC1^-/- and control group were detected by Western blots. Statistical results are also shown (n = 3, *P<0.05 versus control, mean ± standard deviation). (D) Retinal sections from the 2-month RPE-TSC1^-/- mouse and the age-matched control were stained for p-S6^Ser235/236 (green) to determine the activation of mTORC1 signaling. Scale bar: 25 μm. CHO: choroid; IS: inner segment; ONL: outer nuclear layer; OS: outer segment; RPE: retinal pigment epithelium.