Table 1.

Selected RT-related immune regulators induced by radiation

Molecule	Function	Immune and/or tumor cells	Behavior under IR	References
HMGB1	Danger signal, enhancing tumor immunogenicity	both immune and tumor cells	Inducible by IR	138, 139
GRP78	Immune regulation and signal transduction	both immune and tumor cells	Radioresistance	140
HLA	Reduced expression to escape (except HLA-G and HLA-E)	Immune cells	Induced	40, 141, 142
CTLA-4	Immunosuppression	activated T cells	Induced under low doses, diminished under high doses	143-145
PD-1/PD-L1	Immunosuppression	T cells/tumor cells	Induced	98, 146, 147
CD47	“Don't eat me” signaling	tumor cells	Induced (in survived cells)	109, 148
Ox40	Support for immune effector cells and APC	immune cells	Induced	149-152