Table 2.

PCR-based methods used to confirm the presence of pathogenic DNA in ticks. A qPCR was considered positive when the Cp values were <40 and the amplification curves were sigmoid shaped. Some confirmation tests only detect several (geno)species of a pathogens. A PCR was considered positive when it could be sequenced using Sanger sequencing and when the obtained sequence was at least 99% similar to known sequences from GenBank.

Pathogen	Target	PCR	Reference
Borrelia spp.	OspA	qPCR	[26]
	Flagelin B	qPCR	[26]
	23S-5S IGS	PCR	[27]
	GlpQ	PCR	[28]
	Flagelin B	PCR	[28]
	Bossp_16S-rRNA	PCR	[29]
	Bossp_IGS	Nested- PCR	[30]
	Bossp_p66	Nested- PCR	[31]
	MLST (8 targets)	Nested- PCR	[32]
E. canis	Msp2	qPCR	[33]
	GroEL	qPCR	[34]
	16S-rRNA	PCR	[35]
	GroEL	Nested-PCR	[36]
	16S -rRNA	PCR	[37]
Anaplasma spp.	Msp2	qPCR	[33]
	GroEL	qPCR	[34]
	16S-rRNA	PCR	[35]
	GroEL	Nested-PCR	[36]
Babesia & Theileria spp.	18S-rRNA	qPCR	[38]
	18S-rRNA	PCR	[39]
	BabG	PCR	[40]
F. tularensis	FopA	qPCR	[41]
	ISFtu	qPCR	[41]
Coxiella spp.	IS1111	qPCR	[42]
	Com	qPCR	[42]
SFG-Rickettsia	GltA	qPCR	[19]
	GltA	PCR	[43]
	16S-rRNA	PCR	[44]
	OmpA	PCR	[45]
	OmpB	PCR	[46]