Table 1.
Summary of the hallmarks of Leishmania induced DC activation.
| Leishmania-prompted effects in DC activation | DC subsets | Parasite species | Experimental model | Functional aftermath | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TLR9 activation | BMDCs | L. infantum | C57BL/6 | Increases Neutrophil chemoattraction and IL-12 production | Sacramento et al. (53) |
| L. major | Enhances IFN-γ production and cytotoxicity in NK cells | Liese et al. (54) | |||
| TLR2/TLR4 activation | BMDCs | L major | BALB/c | Upregulation of CD80, CD86, and MHC-II expression | Komai-Koma et al. (49) |
| TLR2 activation | BMDCs | L. braziliensis | C57BL/6 | Decreases DC activation and IL-12 production | Vargas-Inchaustegui et al. (50) |
| Engagement of MyD88 signaling pathway | BMDCs | L. braziliensis | C57BL/6 | Enhances IL-12 production | Vargas-Inchaustegui et al. (50) |
| A2B receptor activation | BMDCs | L amazonensis | C57BL/6J | Decreases of CD40 expression and IL-12 production | Figueiredo et al. (64) |
| Increased expression of HIF1 α | Murine splenic DCs | Leishmania donovani | Decreases production of IL-12, parasite survival, limited generation of Th1 cells | Hammami et al. (111) | |
| Up-regulation of MHC class II, CD40, CD54, CD80, and CD86 | Epidermal Langerhans cells-like DC | L. major amastigotes | C57BL/6 | Increase production of IL-12 | Von Stebut et al. (78) |
| Did not change the expression of CD80, CD54, and MHC II molecules | BMDCs | L. mexicana amastigotes | C57BL/6 | Did not alter the production of IL-12 | Bennett et al. (79) |
| Lower levels of MHCII, CD86, and CD40 expression | BMDCs | L. amazonensis | C57BL/6 | Declined T-cell proliferation | Figueiredo et al. (65) |
| Low levels of CD40 expression | BMDCs | L. donovani | BALB/c | T regulatory cells expansion and disease intensification | Martin et al. (71) |
| Fail in producing IL-12 through a CD40-dependent manner | BMDCs | L. amazonensis | BALB/c | Increase in IL-4 levels | Qi et al. (74) |
| Down-regulation of CD80 and up-regulation of CD86 | Human moDCs | L. amazonensis | in vitro | Increase in IL-6 during DC differentiation | Favali et al. (75) |
| Alterations in DC migration | L. major | Inhibition of DCs motility | Steigerwald et al. (98); Ponte-Sucre et al. (100) |
BMDC, bone marrow -derived dendritic cell; IFN-γ, interferon gamma; IL-12, interleukine-12; NK, natural killer cells; TLR, toll-like receptors; HIF1α, hypoxia-inducible factor 1 α.