Table 5.
Tensile properties of thermoplastic processed PLA/CNMs composites.
| Thermoplastic processed PLA/CNMs | Tensile Properties | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Formulation | Surface Functionalization | Processing Method | Tensile Strength (MPa) | Modulus (GPa) | Elongation (%) | Refs. |
| PLA/CNC 98/2 | Hexanoic acid | Extrusion and melt spinning | 141 | 5.73 | 17.0 | [8] |
| PLA/CNC 98/2 | Dodecanoic acid | Extrusion and melt spinning | 123 | 5.72 | 38.4 | [8] |
| PLA/CNC 99/1 | Dicumyl peroxide as a radical initiator for reactive grafting of PLA chains onto CNCs | Extrusion | 51 | 22.5 | 1.9 | [91] |
| PLA/CNC 99/1 | - | Extrusion | 56.2 | 1.3 | 6.4 | [90] |
| PLA/CNC 97/3 | - | Extrusion | 56.2 | 1.4 | 5.5 | |
| PLA/CNC 95/5 | - | Extrusion | 54.9 | 1.4 | 4.9 | |
| PLA/CNC 99/1 | - | Solution casting + extrusion + melt spinning | 52 | 2.5 | 13 | [70] |
| PLA/CNC 97/3 | - | Solution casting + extrusion + melt spinning | 49 | 2.7 | 10 | |
| PLA/CNF 95/5 | - | Solvent casting + Extrusion | 71.2 | 3.6 | 2.7 | [67] |
| PLA/CNF/glycerol triacetate (GTA) 79/1/20 | - | Peristaltic pump feeding (CNF+GTA) + Extrusion | 28.8 | 0.8 | 31.1 | [92] |
| PLA/CNF 35/65 | - | Compression molding | 121 | 12.4 | 3.4 | [93] |
| PLA/CNF 30/70 | - | Compression molding | 121 | 13.4 | 2.3 | |
| PLA/CNF 66/34 | - | Compression molding | 105 | 12.7 | 2.5 | |
| PLA/CNF 28/72 | - | Compression molding | 95 | 13.6 | 1.6 | |
| PLA/1 wt% CNF | 1 wt% casein animal protein as compatibilizer | Compression molding | 78 | 6.3 | 5.3 | [72] |