Table 2.
Alginate containing ‘bioinks’ for different 3D bioprinting applications.
| 3D Bioprinting Technique | ‘Bioink’ Formulation | Crosslinking Method | Application | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| One nozzle extrusion-based 3D bioprinting | Hepatocytes and chondrocytes in gelatin/alginate hydrogel | 10% CaCl2 solution for 2 min after printing | Bioartificial liver or cartilage manufacturing | [51] |
| Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) in gelatin/alginate hydrogel | 5% CaCl2 solution after printing | Vascular networks | [52] | |
| ADSCs in alginate capsules and gelatin/alginate hydrogel | 5% CaCl2 solution after printing | Vascular networks | [53,54,55,56] | |
| One nozzle extrusion-based 3D low-temperature bioprinting | Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) in gelatin/alginate/fibrinogen/dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) hydrogel | Double crosslinking with CaCl2 and thrombin after printing | No specific | [57] |
| Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) in gelatin/alginate/DMSO and/or dextrain-40 hydrogel | 5% CaCl2 solution after printing | No specific | [58] | |
| Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) in gelatin/alginate/glycerol and/or dextrain-40 hydrogel | 5% CaCl2 solution after printing | No specific | [59] | |
| Two nozzle extrusion-based 3D bioprinting | Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) in gelatin/alginate/fibrinogen hydrogel & hepatocytes in gelatin/alginate/chitosan hydrogel | Double crosslinking with CaCl2 and thrombin after printing | Vascularized liver tissue manufacturing | [60] |
| Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) in gelatin/alginate/fibrinogen hydrogel | Double crosslinking with CaCl2 and thrombin after printing | Vascularized adiose tissue manufacturing | [61] | |
| Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) in gelatin/alginate/fibrinogen hydrogel | Double crosslinking with CaCl2 and thrombin after printing | Bioartificial pancreas manufacturing | [62] | |
| Mutihead deposition system (extrusion-based) | Osteoblasts & chondrocytes in polycaprolactone (PCL)/alginate solution | CaCl2 solution after printing | Osteochondral tissue | [63] |
| One nozzle extrusion-based 3D bioprinting | Cartilage progenitor cell (CPCs) in alginate solution | CaCl2 solution after printing | Vessel-like structure | [64] |
| Fab@HomeTM (one-syringe extrusion-based 3D printing) | Aortic valve leaflet interstitial cells (VICs), smooth muscle cells (SMCs) or chondrocytes in gelatin/alginate solution | 300 mM CaCl2 crosslinking for 10 min after printing | Myocardial tissue, muscle tissue and cartilage engineering | [65] |
| One-nozzle extrusion-based 3D bioprinting | Myoblasts in gelatin/alginate hydrogel | CaCl2 solution after printing | Muscle engineering | [66] |
| Two-nozzle low-temperature extrusion-based 3D bioprinting | PU-ADSCs in gelatin/alginate/fibrinogen hydrogel | Double crosslinking with CaCl2 and thrombin | Complex organ manufacturing | [67,68] |
| Combined four-nozzle 3D bioprinting | Poly(lactic acid-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA)-ADSCs in gelatin/alginate/fibrinogen hydrogel-hepatocytes in gelatin/chitosan hydrogel-Schwann cells in gelatin/hyaluronate hydrogel | Double crosslinking with CaCl2 and thrombin | Vascularized liver manufacturing | [69] |
| One nozzle extrusion-based 3D bioprinting | Gelatin/alginate hydrogel | CaCl2 crosslinking after printing | No specific | [70] |
| One nozzle extrusion-based 3D bioprinting | Human adipose stem cells (hASCs) in oxidized alginate solution | CaCl2 crosslinking after printing | No specific | [71] |
| Micro imprinting | Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in gelatin/alginate/hydroxyapatite (HA) mixture | 2% w/v CaCl2 crosslinking for 10 min after printing | Cartilage tissue | [72] |
| One nozzle extrusion-based 3D bioprinting | Preosteoblasts and hASCs in alginate solution | 1.2 wt % of CaCl2 flow | Hepatogenic differentiation | [73] |
| Mutihead deposition system (extrusion-based) | Chondrocytes in PCL/alginate solution | 100 mM CaCl2 and 145 mM NaCl solution for 10 min | Cartilage | [74] |
| One nozzle extrusion-based 3D bioprinting | Human umbilical vein endothelial cells in methacrylated gelatin (GelMA)/alginate hydrogel | Photopolymerization and CaCl2 solution | Heart tissue | [75] |
| Two-nozzle extrusion-based 3D printing | Gelatin/alginate/fibrinogen/HepG2; gelatin/alginate/fibrinogen/hepatocyte or gelatin/alginate/fibrinogen/hepatocyte/ADSC | Double crosslinking with CaCl2 and thrombin solutions | Liver tumor model establishment and anti-cancer drug screening | [76,77,78] |
| 3D-Bioplot terTM system | Alginate-PCL | 170 mM CaCl2 aerosol + 100 mM CaCl2 solution | Cartilage template | [79] |
| Multi-head bioprinting | RGD-γ alginate/poly(-ethylene glycol)-tetra-acrylate (PEGTA)/GelMA/PCL | UV light for 30 min | Cartilage engineering | [80] |
| A multilayered coaxial extrusion system | A specially designed cell-responsive bioink consisting of GelMA, alginate, and 4-arm poly(-ethylene glycol)-tetra-acrylate (PEGTA) | First ionically crosslinked by calcium ions (Ca2+ ion) followed by covalent photocrosslinking of GelMA and PEGTA | Perfusable vasculature | [81] |
| One nozzle extrusion-based 3D bioprinting | Fibroblasts in gelatin/alginate hydrogel | CaCl2 solution | Skin wound healing | [82] |
| Alginate/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) | CaCl2 solution | As-prepared bone tissue engineering scaffolds | [83] | |
| Mouse calvaria 3T3-E1 (MC3T3) cells in alginate/PVA/hydroxyapatite (HA) hydrogel | CaCl2 solution | Bone tissue engineering | [84] | |
| Alginate/PVAl/HA/collagen hydrogel | CaCl2 solution | Bone tissue engineering | [85] | |
| One nozzle extrusion-based bioploting | Human dental pulp cells (HDPCs) in gelatin/alginate hydrogel | CaCl2 solution | Tooth regeneration | [86] |
| Extrusion-based microvalvebioprinting | Alginate sulfate/nanocellulose/chondrocytes | 100 mM CaCl2 for 12 min after printing | Cartilage engineering | [87] |
| One nozzle extrusion-based 3D bioprinting | Human-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) in nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC)/alginate solution | 100 mM CaCl2 for 5 min prior printing | Cartilage engineering | [88] |