Table 1.

Summary of commonly used antibiotics and mechanism of causing AKI.

Antibiotic class/mechanism of injury	AIN	ATN	CN	Glomerular injury
Antibacterial	β-lactams Sulfonamides Ciprofloxacin Vancomycin	Aminoglycoside	Sulfonamide Ciprofloxacin Polymixin	–
Antiviral	Acyclovir	Tenofovir	Foscarnet Acyclovir Ganciclovir	Interferon
Antifungal	–	Amphotericin B	–	–
Antiprotozoal	–	Pentamidine	–	Quinidine

AKI – acute kidney injury; AIN – acute interstitial nephritis; ATN – acute tubular necrosis; CN – crystal nephropathy.