3. Sensitivity analysis ‐ any risk of bias versus low/unclear risk of bias.

Outcome	Any risk of bias	Low/unclear risk of bias
All‐cause mortality	OR 1.88, 95% CI 0.81 to 4.36 (P = 8752; S = 18)	OR 1.65, 95% CI 0.60 to 4.50 (P = 7287; S = 13)
SAEs	OR 1.06, 95% CI 0.88 to 1.28 (P = 10536; S = 22)	OR 1.09, 95% CI 0.86 to 1.40 (P = 8448; S = 17)
AECOPD	OR 0.53, 95% CI 0.36 to 0.78 (P = 1127; S = 3)	NA
Adjusted SGRQ score (HRQoL)	MD ‐4.08, 95% CI ‐4.80 to ‐3.36 (P = 4952; S = 8)	MD ‐4.12, 95% CI ‐4.99 to ‐3.24 (P = 3321; S = 3)
Adjusted trough FEV1 at EOT	MD 0.20, 95% CI 0.19 to 0.21 (P = 6598; S = 13)	MD 0.20, 95% CI 0.19 to 0.22 (P = 4977; S = 13)
Adjusted peak FEV1	MD 0.31, 95% CI 0.29 to 0.32 (P = 4188; S = 7)	MD 0.31, 95% CI 0.29 to 0.32 (P = 4188; S = 7)
AEs	OR 0.95, 95% CI 0.86 to 1.04 (P = 8235; S = 17)	OR 0.97, 95% CI 0.86 to 1.08 (P = 5579; S = 10)

OR and MD are for LABA/LAMA relative to placebo. Note that studies and participants can be counted multiple times as analyses were split by dose groups (several dose groups were examined in a single trial).

CI: confidence interval; HRQoL: health‐related quality of life; OR: odds ratio; MD: mean difference; NA: not applicable (no studies reported this outcome); P: participants; S: studies; SGRQ: St George's Respiratory Questionnaire.