Table 3.

Results of logistic regression analysis for all patients and negative binomial analysis for all patients visiting the ED

	Logit: ED visit	Negative binomial
	Odds ratio	Number of ED visits
Blurred bird neighborhood SES	0.874*	−0.063*
	(0.003)	(0.003)
Female	1.096*	0.101*
	(0.009)	(0.006)
Age in years	1.022*	0.018*
	(0.001)	(0.001)
Age2	1.000*	−0.000*
	(0.000)	(0.000)
White (reference)
Black	1.684*	0.064*
	(0.022)	(0.009)
Any other race	0.756*	−0.093*
	(0.011)	(0.011)
Private insurance (reference)
Medicaid	2.200*	0.379*
	(0.033)	(0.010)
Medicare	1.695*	0.378*
	(0.025)	(0.010)
Other insurance	1.927*	0.129*
	(0.033)	(0.013)
No insurance/self-pay	1.465*	0.217*
	(0.017)	(0.009)
Rurality scale	0.731*	−0.080*
	(0.002)	(0.003)
Constant	0.180*	0.631*
	(0.003)	(0.014)
Observations	395 518	78 990

Note: Standard error values are listed in parentheses.

ED: emergency department; SES: socioeconomic status.

^*P < .01.