Figure 4.

The flowchart of the ABM approach to predict and evaluate drug efficacy across multiple scales (e.g. molecular, cellular, microenvironment and tissue scales). ODEs describing intracellular signaling pathways, PDEs describing drug distribution and microenvironment changes and the rule-based simulation of angiogenesis can be integrated into an ABM. Collective behavior of the tumor cells and dynamic drug response can be simulated by the ABM. Based on a dynamic ABM model, drug efficacy can be evaluated, and optimal treatment strategies can be suggested.