Hernández 2018.

Methods	RCT January 2012 ‐ June 2013
Participants	50 patients Patients who had undergone elective lung resection (segmentectomy, lobectomy or pneumonectomy) by posterolateral thoracotomy for lung cancer, lung metastasis and bronchiectasis surgery
Interventions	Intervention: Preoperative period: respiratory rehabilitation 2 weeks before surgery + NIPPV one week before surgery Postoperative period: NIPPV (bi‐level mode) with IPAP 10‐12 cmH2 and an EPAP 4‐5 cmH2 for 30 min every 2 h until 24:00. Later, during the night, it was administered only once from 4:00 to 4:30 am. After this last session, treatment with BiPAP was terminated + chest physiotherapy + 500 mg of nebulized ipratropium bromide diluted in 3 ml of saline every 8 h for the first 3 days Control: Preoperative period: respiratory rehabilitation 2 weeks before surgery Postoperative period: venturi mask with FiO2 40% + 500 mg of nebulized ipratropium bromide diluted in 3 ml of saline every 8 h for the first 3 days
Outcomes	Pulmonary complication Length of hospital stay Spirometric values Arterial blood gases Radiographic findings
Notes
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Low risk	Random number generation
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	High risk	Both groups were separate according to the use or not of prophylactic BiPAP
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes	Low risk	Outcome data were objective
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Low risk	50 patients were enrolled and 50 finished the study
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Low risk	No evidence of selective reporting
Other bias	High risk	The study included participants with better respiratory function than the majority of the patients included in other studies. It results in low incidence of clinically significant postoperative complications compared to other analyses