Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of COPD patients according to their clinical phenotypes
| Characteristics | COPD phenotype (n, %)
|
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NON-AE 54 (28.6) | AE NON-CB 35 (18.5) | AE CB 75 (39.7) | ACOS 25 (13.2) | P-value | |
|
| |||||
| Age (years, mean ± SD) | 74.1±8.1 | 72.7±8.7 | 70.7±9.2 | 70.0±13.1 | 0.151 |
|
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| Gender (n, %) | |||||
| Male | 50 (92.6) | 32 (91.4) | 70 (93.3) | 23 (92.0) | 0.986 |
| Female | 4 (7.4) | 3 (8.6) | 5 (6.7) | 2 (8.0) | |
|
| |||||
| Ethnicity (n, %) | |||||
| Malay | 19 (35.2) | 12 (34.3) | 32 (42.7) | 10 (40.0) | 0.734 |
| Chinese | 27 (50.0) | 18 (51.4) | 30 (40.0) | 9 (36.0) | |
| Indian | 8 (14.8) | 5 (14.3) | 13 (17.3) | 6 (24.0) | |
|
| |||||
| Smoking status (n, %) | |||||
| Never smoker | 2 (3.7) | 3 (8.6) | 4 (5.3) | 3 (12.0) | 0.348 |
| Previous | 40 (74.1) | 19 (54.3) | 55 (73.3) | 15 (60.0) | 0.601 |
| Current | 12 (22.2) | 13 (37.1) | 16 (21.3) | 7 (28.0) | |
| Quantity of cigarettes smoked (pack-years, mean) | 42.3±30.4 | 44.6±30.1 | 43.9±27.9 | 39.0±35.4 | |
|
| |||||
| Dyspnea (mean ± SD; 95% CI) | 1.8±1.3; 1.5–2.2 | 2.0±1.2; 1.6–2.4 | 2.7±1.1; 2.4–2.9 | 2.2±1.4; 1.6–2.8 | 0.002 |
|
| |||||
| PB-FEV1 (%, mean ± SD; 95% CI) | 57.8±20.2; 52.3–63.4 | 51.1±23.1; 43.2–59.0 | 48.2±23.6; 42.8–53.7 | 52.8±16.2; 46.1–59.5 | 0.025 |
|
| |||||
| Exacerbations (mean ± SD; 95% CI) | |||||
| Total | 0.5±1.8; 0.1–1.0 | 1.9±1.9; 1.3–2.6 | 4.8±6.8; 3.2–6.4 | 3.4±5.2; 1.3–5.6 | <0.001 |
| Moderate | 0.4±1.3; 0.1–0.8 | 0.7±1.0; 0.4–1.1 | 2.9±5.4; 1.7–4.2 | 1.9±3.2; 0.6–3.3 | <0.001 |
| Severe | 0 | 1.3±1.2; 0.9–1.7 | 1.9±2.1; 1.4–2.4 | 1.5±2.5; 0.5–2.6 | <0.001 |
Abbreviations: ACOS, asthma-COPD overlap syndrome phenotype; AE CB, exacerbator with chronic bronchitis phenotype; AE NON-CB, exacerbator with emphysema phenotype; NON-AE, non-exacerbator phenotype; PB-FEV1, post-bronchodilator forced expiratory volume in 1 second.