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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Feb 7.
Published in final edited form as: Mol Cell. 2019 Feb 7;73(3):398–411. doi: 10.1016/j.molcel.2019.01.024

Figure 4.

Figure 4.

Transcription stress and R-loops. A) Transcription stress may arise from a stalled RNA polymerase associated with an R-loop (left) or upstream polymerases that are stalled from collisions with the R-loop (right). B) Two ways that NER processing may convert an R-loop to a DSB: either NER enzymes XPG and XPF cut the hybridized DNA, leading to a single-strand gap that is processed into a DSB by replication (top), or NER enzymes cut non-canonically to directly create a DSB at the 3’ or 5’ end of the R-loop (bottom).