Table 1.
Characteristics of participants by history of DHF
| Characteristics | Cases, n = 28 | Controls, n = 34 | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years, range) | 15.1 (5.0–24.2) | 15.0 (5.1–24.9) | 0.91 |
| Male gender (n, %) | 9 (32.1%) | 16 (47.1%) | 0.23 |
| Weight (kg) | 51.7 (4.3) | 45.7 (2.3) | 0.20 |
| Height (cm) | 154.9 (2.4) | 151.0 (2.1) | 0.23 |
| BMI, crude | 21.0 (1.3) | 19.7 (0.6) | 0.35 |
| BMI, Z-score | −0.1 (0.3) | −0.2 (0.2) | 0.85 |
| BMI, percentile (%) | 48.7 (6.8) | 48.4 (5.6) | 0.97 |
| Chest circumference (cm) | 79.4 (2.7) | 77.2 (1.7) | 0.48 |
| Abdominal circumference (cm) | 72.2 (2.8) | 70.1 (1.6) | 0.50 |
| Hip circumference (cm) | 83.0 (3.0) | 79.0 (1.7) | 0.24 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 116.7 (3.2) | 109.5 (2.2) | 0.06 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 67.1 (2.0) | 64.6 (1.3) | 0.29 |
| Mean arterial pressure (mmHg) | 83.7 (2.3) | 79.2 (1.6) | 0.10 |
| Pulse frequency (bpm) | 81.3 (2.6) | 81.1 (1.9) | 0.95 |
| Right carotid arterial distension (µm) | 593.5 (120.0) | 592.3 (117.7) | 0.97 |
| Right carotid diameter (mm) | 6.44 (0.11) | 6.46 (0.06) | 0.88 |
| History of chronic infection/inflammation (n, %) | – | – | 0.27 |
| HIV/AIDS | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | – |
| Chronic infectious disease | 1 (3.6)* | 0 (0.0) | – |
| Inflammatory disease | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | – |
| None of the above | 27 (96.4) | 34 (100.0) | – |
| History of hospitalization for other causes (n, %)† | – | – | 0.71 |
| None | 23 (82.1) | 27 (79.4) | – |
| Once because of infectious disease | 2 (7.1) | 3 (8.8) | – |
| Multiple times because of infectious disease | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | – |
| Once because of other causes | 2 (7.1) | 3 (8.8) | – |
| Multiple times because of other causes | 0 (0.0) | 1 (2.9) | – |
| Multiple times because of infectious disease and other causes | 1 (3.6) | 0 (0.0) | – |
| Participant smoking status (packyears, median) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.12‡ |
| Parental smoking status (packyears, median)§ | 3.1 | 3.0 | 0.76‡ |
| Parental early onset CVD (n, %) | – | – | 0.96 |
| None | 24 (85.7) | 29 (85.3) | – |
| Father | 2 (7.1) | 3 (8.8) | – |
| Mother | 2 (7.1) | 2 (5.9) | – |
| Total years of education | |||
| Participant (years) | 8.3 (0.8) | 7.6 (0.6) | 0.53 |
| Father (years, median) | 12.0 | 12.0 | 0.21‡ |
| Mother (years, median) | 12.0 | 12.0 | 0.01‡ |
| Father and mother combined (years) | 24.4 (0.9) | 21.2 (1.0) | 0.03 |
DHF = dengue hemorrhagic fever; BMI = body mass index. All values are mean standard deviation, unless otherwise indicated. Independent t-test and Chi-square were used as appropriate.
* Recurrent tonsillitis and asthma, 1 case. Last episode was 6 months before the current measurements.
† Excluding the hospitalization for DHF in cases.
‡ Mann–Whitney U-test was used because of non-normal distribution.
§ Combined amount of packyears of the parents of the participant.