a, Schematic of stages of late spermatogenesis analyzed in this study. PS: pachytene spermatocyte; RS: round spermatid. b, Heatmaps showing normalized Hi-C interaction frequencies (128-kb bins, chromosome 2) in PS, RS, sperm, and embryonic stem cells (ESC). c, d, Hi-C intrachromosomal interaction frequency probabilities P stratified by genomic distance s for each cell type shown in the panels (100-kb bins, all chromosomes). MII oocyte: metaphase meiosis II oocyte; HFF1-mitosis: synchronized prometaphase mitosis human foreskin fibroblasts. The blue shadow indicates intrachromosomal interactions up to 3 Mb, and the grey shadow indicates intrachromosomal interactions at and beyond 3 Mb. Scaling coefficients are shown in the panels. e, log2 ratio comparisons of the Hi-C interaction frequencies (128-kb bins, chromosome 2) for successive cell types. Details and metrics for Hi-C datasets are presented in Supplementary Dataset 2.