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. 2019 Feb 28;10:147. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00147

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Copyright © 2019 Ghareghani, Scavo, Jand, Farhadi, Sadeghi, Ghanbari, Mondello, Arnoult, Gharaghani and Zibara.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Effect of melatonin on cytokine levels in brain, using ELISA. Levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (A) IL-1β and (B) TNF-α. Melatonin significantly suppressed their release. Levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines (C) IL-4 and (D) IL-10. Melatonin significantly increased the levels of IL-4 and IL-10. Values are expressed as the Mean ± SEM. Each group included 8 mice (n = 8). Statistical analysis was performed by two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey’s test. Significance is indicated by ^∗∗p < 0.01, ^∗∗∗∗p < 0.0001 vs. control-PBS and ^#p < 0.05, ^##p < 0.01, and ^###p < 0.001 vs. EAE-PBS.