Table 2.
Effects of fasting periods of different duration on the circulating levels and the mRNA expression of the main appetite-regulating hormones in several fish species.
|
Short-term fasting (1–6 days) |
Mid-term fasting (7–29 days) |
Long-term fasting (≥30 days) |
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Circulating levels | Brain expres. | Periph. expres. | Circulating levels | Brain expres. | Periph. expres. | Circulating levels | Brain expres. | Periph. expres. | |
| NPY | Atlantic salmon = (108) Blunt snout bream ↑ (109) Goldfish ↑ (110) |
Blunt snout bream = (109) | Blunt snout bream ↑ (109) Brazilian flounder ↑ (85) Coho salmon ↑ (111) Cunner ↓ (112) Nile tilapia ↑ (113) Platyfish = (114) Schizothorax prenanti ↑ (115) Tiger puffer ↑ (116) Winter flounder ↑ (117) Winter skate ↑ (118) Yellowtail ↑ (119) Zebrafish↑ (120) |
Blunt snout bream = (109) | Rainbow trout = (121) | ||||
| AgRP | Atlantic salmon ↓ (108) Goldfish ↑ (34) Schizothorax prenanti ↓ (122) Sea bass ↓ (123) |
Common carp ↓ (124) Goldfish ↑ (34) Schizothorax prenanti = (122) Sea bass ↑ (123) Zebrafish ↑ (125) |
Rainbow trout = (121) | ||||||
| POMC | Flatfish ↑ (126) | Goldfish = (127) Rainbow trout = ↑ (128) Zebrafish = (125) Zebrafish ↓ (129) |
Rainbow trout ↑ (121) | ||||||
| CART | Atlantic salmon ↓ (108) Catfish ↓ (130) Dourado = (87) Goldfish ↓ (39) Siberian sturgeon ↑ (92) Zebrafish ↓ (131) |
Atlantic cod ↓ (132) Channel catfish ↓ (133) Common carp ↓ (124) Cunner ↓ (112) Goldfish ↓ (134) Pacu ↓ (88) Platyfish ↓ (114) Red-bellied piranha ↓ (135) Schizothorax prenanti ↓ (91) Siberian sturgeon↑ (92) Winter flounder ↓ (117) Winter skate = (118) |
Rainbow trout = (121) | ||||||
| Orexin | Dourado ↑ (87) Zebrafish = (136) |
Blind cave fish ↑ (89) Cunner ↓ (112) Goldfish ↑ (134) Pacu ↑ (88) Platyfish ↑ (114) Red-bellied piranha ↑ (135) Zebrafish ↑ (136, 137) |
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| MCH | Starry flounder ↑ (138) | Atlantic code ↑ (139) Barfin flounder ↑ (140) Hammerhead shark = (141) Schizothorax prenanti ↑ (142) Winter flounder ↑ (143) Zebrafish ↑ (144) |
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| Nesf-1 | Zebrafish = (93) | Goldfish ↑ (50) Ya-fish ↑ (51) Zebrafish = (93) |
Goldfish ↓ (50) Ya-fish ↓ (51) Zebrafish ↓ (93) |
Goldfish ↑ (50) Ya-fish ↑ (51) Zebrafish ↓ (93) |
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| Ghrelin | Atlantic salmon ↑ (145) Tilapia = (97) |
Blunt snout bream ↑ (109) Grass carp ↑ (146) Schizothorax prenanti = (100) Zebrafish = (147) Zebrafish ↑ (148) |
Atlantic salmon ↑ (149) Atlantic salmon ↓ (145) Blunt snout bream ↑ (109) Chinese perch ↓ (150) Gibel carp = (98) Grass carp ↑ (146) Schizothorax davidi ↑ (151) Schizothorax prenanti = (100) Sea bass = (152) Tilapia = (97) Zebrafish ↓ (153) Zebrafish ↑ (148) |
Atlantic salmon = (145) Goldfish = (93) Hybrid striped bass ↑ (154) Rainbow trout = (96) Tilapia = (155) Tilapia ↑ (97) |
Blunt snout bream ↑ (109) Goldfish = ↑ (93, 156) Grass carp ↑ (146) Red-bellied piranha = (157) Zebrafish = (147) Zebrafish ↑ (148) |
Atlantic salmon = (145) Blunt snout bream ↑ (109) Gibel carp ↑ (98) Goldfish ↑ (93, 156) Grass carp ↑ (146) Red-bellied piranha ↑ (157) Schizothorax davidi ↑ (151) Sea bass ↑ (152) Tilapia = (97) Zebrafish ↑ (148) |
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| CCK | Blunt snout bream ↓ (109) Dourado = (87) Grass carp ↓ (158) Schizothorax prenanti ↓ (102) |
Atlantic salmon = (149) Blunt snout bream ↓ (109) Dourado = (87) Grass carp ↓ (158) Schizothorax prenanti ↓ (102) White sea bream ↑ (CCK-1), ↓ (CCK- 2) (159) Yellowtail ↓ (160) Zebrafish ↓ (153) |
Blind cave fish = (89) Blunt snout bream ↓ (109) Grass carp ↓ (158) Pacu = (88) Red-bellied piranha = (135) Schizothorax prenanti ↓ (102) Winter skate = (118) Platyfish ↓ (114) Cunner ↓ (112) |
Blunt snout bream ↓ (109) Grass carp ↓ (158) Pacu ↓ (88) Platyfish ↓ (114) Red-bellied piranha = (135) Schizothorax prenanti ↓ (102) Winter flounder ↓ (117) Winter skate ↑ (118) |
Cunner ↓ (112) | ||||
| PYY | Goldfish ↓ (63) Siberian sturgeon ↓ (104) Schizothorax prenanti ↓ (103) |
Siberian sturgeon ↓ (104) Atlantic salmon = (149) Yellowtail ↑ (160) |
Blind cave fish = (89) Goldfish ↓ (63) Nile tilapia ↓ (113) Red-bellied piranha = (135) Siberian sturgeon ↓ (104) Schizothorax prenanti ↓ (103) |
Nile tilapia ↓ (113) Red-bellied piranha ↓ (135) Siberian sturgeon ↓ (104) |
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| Leptin | Mandarin fish ↑ (105) | Common carp = (161) Mandarin fish ↑ (105) Schizothorax prenanti ↓ (102) |
Fine flounder ↑ (162, 163) Rainbow trout ↑ (164) Tilapia ↑ (1) |
Goldfish = (106) Orange-spotted grouper = (165) Pacu = (88) Red-bellied piranha = (157) Tilapia = (166) |
Common carp = (161) European sea bass ↑ (167) Goldfish = (106) Green sunfish ↓ (168) Orange-spotted grouper ↑ (165) Pacu = (88) Rainbow trout ↑ (169) Red-bellied piranha ↓ (157) Schizothorax prenanti ↓ (102) Striped bass ↓ (170) Tilapia ↑ (1) White-clouds Mountain minnow ↑ (171) Zebrafish ↓ (172) |
Fine flounder = (163) Rainbow trout = (121) |
Arctic charr ↑ (173) Atlantic salmon = (107) Eel = (174) Rainbow trout ↑ (121) |
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= levels not altered; ↑ levels upregulated; ↓ levels downregulated.