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. 2019 Mar 6;9:3710. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-40124-5

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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The effect of stress hormones on CD4+ T-cell stimulated cytokine production. CD4+ T-cells were incubated with media alone, PHA 5 μM and/or the stress hormones epinephrine 1 nM + corticosterone 1 μM. Epinephrine and corticosterone significantly inhibited CD4+ T-cell stimulated production of TNFα (A) [Unstimulated: 0 pg/mL (0–0); Epinephrine/corticosterone alone: 0 pg/mL (0–0); PHA: 356.6 pg/mL (65.6–780.6); PHA + Epinephrine/corticosterone: 34.6 pg/mL (8.8–51.3)], IL-6 (B) [(Unstimulated: 0.4 pg/mL (0–3.5); Epinephrine/corticosterone alone: 0.7 pg/mL (0.2–7.7); PHA: 533.8 pg/mL (250.9–830.1); PHA + Epinephrine/corticosterone: 250.3 pg/mL (98.5–571.6)] and IL-10 (C) [(Unstimulated: 1.1 pg/mL (0.7–5.3); Epinephrine/corticosterone alone: 1.0 pg/mL (0.02–3.8); PHA: 481.0 pg/mL (192.9–703.3); PHA + Epinephrine/corticosterone: 158.3 pg/mL (86.7–419.1)]. Individual responses from each patient are shown graphically. *p = 0.031 vs. PHA response; n = 6 donors in all cases.