Fig. 5.

Dynamic profiling of multiple radicals variations in the liver upon hepatotoxic drugs treatment. a, b Time-resolved multispectral optoacoustic tomography (MSOT) signals from upconversion nanocrystal (UCN) at 680 and 800 nm in region of interest (ROI) of liver tomographic images upon isoniazid (INH) (200 mg kg⁻¹) and tacrine (THA) (30 mg kg⁻¹) treatment (n = 5). Scale bar: 5 mm. c In vivo upconverted luminescence (UCL) imaging of UCN at 660 and 800 nm upon INH and THA treatment (Ex: 980 nm, n = 5). Scale bar: 1 cm. d, e Dynamic profiling of deconvoluted optoacoustic (OA) signals based on UCN in mouse liver at 680 nm (d) and 800 nm (e) upon INH, THA, and their reactive metabolite scavenger (NAC) treatment (n = 5). Statistical significance was assessed by a Student’s t test (heteroscedastic, two-sided). *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001. Data were represented as mean ± SD