Fig. 1.

Electronic properties of halide perovskites. a Linear attenuation coefficient of MAPbI₃, MAPbBr₃, CdTe, Se, and TlBr versus photons energy. b Trap density of states of the MAPbI₃ single crystal (red dots) and the thin film (black dots) measured by thermal admittance spectroscopy at room temperature. c External quantum efficiency (EQE) and internal quantum efficiency (IQE) spectra of a 3-mm-thick MAPbI₃ single crystal along with the transmittance of 25-nm-thick gold electrode. d The µτ product of MAPbBr₃ crystal devices with different raw materials feeding ratio and surface passivation procedure. The transition energy levels of e intrinsic acceptors and f intrinsic donors in CH₃NH₃PbI₃ perovskite. b, c are adapted with permission from ref. ⁴³, AAAS. d is adapted with permission from ref. ¹⁸, Springer Nature. e, f are adapted with permission from ref. ⁴⁹, American Institute of Physics