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. 2019 Mar 6;9:3633. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-40002-0

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Effects of lithocholic acid (LCA) on high glucose-induced hypertrophy in H9c2 cells. (A) Morphological changes in H9c2 cells maintained in high-glucose medium (High Glucose) treated with vehicle (Vehicle) were compared with those of cells treated with LCA at the indicated doses or cells grown in normal medium (Control) (n = 6). (B) Western blots showing the TGR5 and hypertrophic signaling protein expression levels in H9c2 cells treated as described above and indicated in the representative image (n = 4). (C) The morphological changes in H9c2 cells under high glucose (High Glucose) conditions attenuated by LCA were reversed with triamterene at the indicated doses (n = 6). (D) Western blots showing the TGR5 and hypertrophic signaling protein levels in H9c2 cells treated as described in (C) are indicated in the representative image (n = 4). The quantified data are shown in Table 1.