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. 2019 Mar 6;9:3633. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-40002-0

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Effects of lithocholic acid (LCA) on oxidative stress-related signals in H9c2 cells with high glucose-induced hypertrophy. (A) Expression of ROS in H9c2 cells characterized using fluorescence as indicated in the upper panel. The quantified data from 6 experiments are compared in the lower panel (n = 6). (B) The ROS expression in H9c2 cells is characterized as described above. The results show that ROS elevated by high glucose was markedly reduced by the antioxidant tiron, but not by LCA (n = 6). (C) Representative image of Western blots indicating changes in protein levels of TGR5, SERCA2, phospholamban (PLN), and phosphorylated PLN (PPLN) using Actin as an internal control (n = 4). (D) The density of the different bands was quantified and compared (n = 4). The upper panel shows the variations in TGR5/Actin among the 4 groups, the middle panel compares the differences in PPLN/PLN expression among the 4 groups, and the lower panel shows the changes in SERCA2/Actin expression among the 4 groups (n = 4). The results from (C) and (D) suggest that the LCA-induced alleviation of the changes induced by high glucose was blocked by triamterene (*p-value < 0.05, **p-value < 0.01 versus control group; ^#p-value < 0.05, ^##p-value < 0.01 versus vehicle group).