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. 2019 Mar 6;9:3694. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-39837-4

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Effects of injection of dsApisCHS on the development of Acyrthosiphon pisum. (A) Cumulative mortality after RNAi at 0, 12, 24, 36, 48 and 72 h. (B) Cumulative moulting rate in the treatment and control groups. Significance was analysed using the Kaplan–Meier method (mean ± SE; ^***P < 0.001) in (A) and (B). (C) Cumulative reproduction after RNAi at the fourth-instar stage at different time points (0, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72 and 96 h). The mean (±SE) is based on three biological replicates. Statistical analysis was performed using Student’s t-test (^*P < 0.05). (D) Phenotypes of A. pisum after the injection of dsApisCHS for 48 h of (a) individuals alive and successfully moulted to adulthood and (b) individuals that died and failed to moult to adulthood.