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. 2019 Mar 6;9:3767. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-39601-8

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Relationship between wild bee observed sex ratio (OSR) in ground nesting bees and urbanization across the flying season. Each period includes one bout of netting and two flanking bouts of pan trapping. (A) Period 1: 19 May – 5 June, (B) Period 2: 19 June – 2 July, (C) Period 3: 17 July – 13 August, (D) Period 4: 26 August – 26 September. The p-values refer to the effect of ISC on OSR. Shaded region represents standard error.