Table 1.
Selected examples of the precursors, surface modification and solvents used in the in situ synthesis of metal oxide nanoparticles via sol–gel processes in epoxy and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) nanocomposites.
| Polymer System | Inorganic Component | Inorganic Precursor | Surface Modification | Solvent | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Epoxy 1 | SiO2 | TEOS | - | - | [54] |
| - | Isopropanol | [55,56,57] | |||
| APTES | Ethanol | [38] | |||
| - | [52] | ||||
| GPTMS | - | [51] | |||
| IPTES | - | [48] | |||
| Ethanol | [49] | ||||
| TEOS, DPTEOS 2 | - | [58] | |||
| APTES | APTES | DMF | [36] | ||
| SiO2, TiO2 | TEOS, TEOT 3 | GPTMS | Acetylacetone | [59] | |
| TiO2 | TIP | - | [60] | ||
| TBO 4 | TCTMTEA 5 | Anhydrous THF | [61] | ||
| SiO2 | TEOS | - | Ionic liquids 6 | [62,63,64] | |
| PDMS | SiO2, TiO2 | TEOS, TIP | - | THF and isopropanol | [65] |
| TiO2 | TIP | - | Ethanol | [66] | |
| - | Isopropanol | [14,67] | |||
| SiO2, TiO2 | TIP, TEOS, MTES 7 | - | [68] | ||
| MxOy 8 | M(OR)n 8 | - | Ethanol | [69,70,71] | |
| ZrO2, TaO2 | ZBO, TE 9 | - | 2-ethoxyethanol | [72] | |
| SiO2–TiO2/ZrO2 | TEOS, TIP, ZP 10 | - | Isopropanol | [73] | |
| MxOy 11 | M(OR)n 11 | - | Ethanol and isopropanol | [74] | |
| SiO2 | TEOS | - | - | [5,75,76,77,78,79,80] | |
| DMDEOS 12 | - | [77] |
1 Molecular weight of the amine curing agent varies (between 230–1970); 2 Diethylphosphatoethyltriethoxysilane; 3 Tetraethylorthotitanate; 4 Titanium (IV) butoxide; 5 Triethoxysilane-capped trimercaptothioethylamine (TMTEA). Acts as both coupling and curing agent; 6 CH2CO2HMImCl, C3H6CO2HMImCl, andC7O3MImMeS; 7 Methyltriethoxysilane; 8 M = Al, Ti, Ta, Zr, Nb; 9 Zirconium (IV) n-butoxide (ZBO), Tantalum (IV) ethoxide (TE); 10 Zirconium propoxide; 11 M = Al, Ge, Sn, Ti, Zr, Nb, Ta; 12 Dimethyldiethoxysilane.