Table 2.
Typical 2D nanomaterials for flame-retardant PLA.
| PLA Type/Brand and Supplier | Main FR Chemical Component | Total FR Loading/(LDH) % | LOI% | UL-94 | Cone Calorimetry Parameters | TGA | Ref. | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PHRR Reduction % | TSR(m2/m2/Heat Flux (KWm2) | T-5% | Residue %/Max. T (°C) | ||||||
| PLA (3052D) by NatureWo-rks | Diethylenetriaminepenta-(methylenephosp-honic) acid with melamine, and phytic acid modified LDH | 15/(3) | 38.9 | V-0 | 63 (C) | 0.81 | 300 | 10.66 | [87] |
| (700 °C) | |||||||||
| 35 | N2 | ||||||||
| PLA (2002D) by Polymer UNIC Technology (Suzhou) Co., Ltd. | NiAl LDH, Silane coated APP, pentaerythritol phosphate (PEPA), Corn starch, Poly(butylene succinate) | 35/(2.5) | 30 | V-0 | 21 (C) | - | 315 | 17.3 | [88] |
| (700 °C) | |||||||||
| 35 | N2 | ||||||||
| PLA (REVODE201) from Hisun biomaterials Co., Ltd. (Zhejiang, China | NiAl-LDH modified 2-carboxylethyl-phenyl-phosphinic acid | 10/(10) | - | - | 37 (A) | - | - | - | [89] |
| 35 | |||||||||
| PLA (model 2002D) UNIC Technology Co., Ltd. | NiFe, NiAl, and NiCr LDH-SDS Hexaphenoxycycl-otriphosphazene (HPCP) | 10/(2) | 29 | V-0 | - | - | - | 7.2 | [86] |
| (700 °C) | |||||||||
| N2 | |||||||||
| PLA Biomer L9000 from Biomer, Krailling, Germany | Zn-Al-LDH, ammonium polyphosphate pentaerythritol and melamine cyanurate | 23/(2) | - | - | 59 (C) | - | - | - | [85] |
| 35 | |||||||||
| PLA (2003D) Nature-Works LLC | nano-clay, recycled bamboo chopstick fiber APP and expandable graphite (EG) | 27/(6) | - | V-0 | - | - | 377.8 | 21.88 | [90] |
| (850 °C) | |||||||||
| N2 | |||||||||
| PLA (4042D) Natureworks | Hydrogel-organoclay | 6/(3) | - | - | MCC | 17.1 | 325 | 3.66 | [91] |
| (800) | |||||||||
| 28 | N2 | ||||||||
| PLA, (Mw = 150,000) Tong-Jie-Liang Biomaterial Co. Ltd. | Organically modified montmorillonite (OMMT) and aluminium diethylphosphinate (AlPi) | 20/(5) | 28 | V-0 | 26.2 (C*) | - | 328 | 4.87 | [92] |
| (700 °C) | |||||||||
| 35 | N2 | ||||||||
| PLA, (Ingeo 3051D) from NatureWorks, USA | OMMT, isopropylated triaryl phosphate ester | 35/(5) | - | V-0 | - | - | 258.4 | 4.75 | [93] |
| (600) | |||||||||
| N2 | |||||||||
| PLA (2002D) by NatureWo-rks | OMMT, Aluminum trihydrate (ATH, H-42M grade) | 50/(5) | 42 | V-0 | 65 (c***) | - | 320 | - | [94] |
| (650) | |||||||||
| 50 | Air | ||||||||
| PLA, (4032D) by Nature Works | Alpha-zirconium phosphate (α-ZrP) | (10) | 26.5 | V-0 | 42 (C***) | - | 316 | 14.3 | [80] |
| (700 °C) | |||||||||
| 35 | N2 | ||||||||
| PLA, Galastic by Galactic S.A. | Organo-modified layered silicates (OMLS) | 43/(3) | - | - | 42 (C) | - | 354 | - | [95] |
| 35 | (600) Air | ||||||||
| PLA (Biopearls) from Jongboom Holding B.V (Netherlands) | Sepiolite nanoclay and multi-wall nanotubes (MCWNT) | 20/(10) | - | - | 58 (C*) | - | 336 | N2 | [96] |
| 13 | |||||||||
| (1000 °C), Air | |||||||||
| 35 | N2 | ||||||||
| PLA (4032D) by Nature-Works | Ionic liquid containing phosphonium and surface-functionalized graphene (GIL). | 6/(4) | - | - | 40 (C***) | - | 331.4 | 9 | [66] |
| (800 °C) | |||||||||
| 35 | N2 | ||||||||
| PLA Cargill Dow Inc. (America) | Tricobalt tetraoxide-functionalized graphene composites (CO3O4/graphene) | 1 | - | - | 40 (C**) | - | - | - | [69] |
| (700 °C) | |||||||||
| 35 | N2 | ||||||||
| PLA by Galactic S.A. | Poly(ethyleneglycol) 1000 (PEG 1000) and montmorillonite, organo-modified | 20/(3) | - | - | - | - | - | - | [74] |
| (600 °C) | |||||||||
| N2 | |||||||||
| PLA from Dow–Cargill, Inc. | Organomodified particles of clay, unmodified particles of clay, plasticizer—Poly(ethylene glycol) | 20/(3) | - | - | - | - | - | - | [76] |
| (600 °C) | |||||||||
| Air | |||||||||
| Tong-Jie-Liang Biomaterial Co. Ltd. (China) | Organically modified montmorillonite (O-MMT) | 20/(5) | 27.5 | V-0 | - | - | 277 | 24.9 | [77] |
| (700 °C) | |||||||||
| Air | |||||||||
| PLA Galastic, by Galactic S.A | Organomodified bentonite (Bentone® 104-B104) | 10 | - | - | 46 (B) | - | - | - | [78] |
| (600 °C) | |||||||||
| 35 | N2 | ||||||||
| PLA (4032D) NatureWorks |
Expanded graphite and organically modified montmorillonite | 12/(3) | - | - | - | 352 | - | [79] | |
| (800 °C) | |||||||||
| N2 | |||||||||
Note: MCC—microscale combustion calorimeter; Sample type used for the cone calorimeter test: A denotes non-woven PLA, B is knitted PLA fabric, C is composite plate size 100 × 100 × 3 mm3, C* is composite plate size 100 × 100 × 4 mm3, C** is composite size 100 × 100 × 3.2 mm3, C*** is 100 × 100 × 5 mm3.