Table 1.
Out‐of‐Hospital Cardiac Arrest Characteristics According to Different Distances From Nearest Fire Station
| Variable | ≤1 mile | 1 to 1.5 miles | 1.5 to 2 miles | >2 miles | Total | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Count, n | 1324 | 1262 | 1009 | 1425 | 5020 | |
| Age, median [Q1–Q3] (y) | 65.0 [53.8, 77.0] | 66.0 [54.0, 78.0] | 66.0 [54.0, 78.0] | 65.0 [54.0, 76.0] | 65.0 [54.0, 77.0] | 0.65 |
| Sex, male | 795 (60.0) | 759 (60.1) | 621 (61.5) | 908 (63.7) | 3083 (61.4) | 0.16 |
| Percent white in local neighborhood, median [Q1–Q3] (%) | 43.8 [20.4, 73.9] | 46.2 [16.5, 70.8] | 49.2 [20.5, 72.3] | 56.4 [29.8, 75.5] | 49.4 [20.6, 73.7] | <0.001 |
| Percent black in local neighborhood, median [Q1–Q3] (%) | 33.7 [12.4, 53.9] | 30.5 [13.2, 55.6] | 26.9 [12.4, 51.2] | 25.3 [10.0, 42.8] | 28.1 [12.2, 50.9] | <0.001 |
| Percent of people in poverty, median [Q1–Q3] (%) | 15.9 [8.4, 28.6] | 18.3 [7.3, 25.8] | 14.0 [7.2, 23.5] | 10.0 [5.1, 18.8] | 14.3 [6.9, 23.6] | <0.001 |
| Percent unemployment, median [Q1–Q3] (%) | 9.1 [6.3, 15.1] | 9.2 [5.3, 14.4] | 9.3 [5.4, 13.7] | 8.2 [5.9, 12.2] | 8.9 [5.8, 13.7] | <0.001 |
| Rural area, population cluster of <2500, N (%) | 17 (1.3) | 18 (1.4) | 28 (2.8) | 136 (9.5) | 199 (4.0) | |
| Urban cluster, population cluster of 2500 to 50 000, N (%) | 22 (1.7) | 10 (0.8) | 5 (0.5) | 12 (0.8) | 49 (1.0) | |
| Urbanized area, population cluster of >50 000, N (%) | 1285 (97.1) | 1234 (97.8) | 976 (96.7) | 1277 (89.6) | 4772 (95.1) | <0.001 |
| Who defibrillated first | ||||||
| Not defibrillated | 894 (67.5) | 879 (69.7) | 676 (67.0) | 929 (65.2) | 3378 (67.3) | |
| LP | 34 (2.6) | 48 (3.8) | 29 (2.9) | 30 (2.1) | 141 (2.8) | |
| FR | 237 (17.9) | 163 (12.9) | 153 (15.2) | 223 (15.6) | 776 (15.5) | |
| EMS | 159 (12.0) | 172 (13.6) | 151 (15.0) | 243 (17.1) | 725 (14.4) | <0.001 |
| Who applied an AED first | ||||||
| EMS | 541 (41.0) | 568 (45.1) | 472 (47.0) | 709 (49.9) | 2290 (45.7) | |
| FR | 705 (53.4) | 576 (45.7) | 480 (47.8) | 662 (46.6) | 2423 (48.4) | |
| LP | 74 (5.6) | 116 (9.2) | 53 (5.3) | 50 (3.5) | 293 (5.9) | <0.001 |
| Missing | 4 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 14 | |
| Who initiated CPR first | ||||||
| EMS | 155 (12.0) | 141 (11.4) | 129 (13.1) | 197 (14.0) | 622 (12.7) | |
| FR | 581 (45.1) | 466 (37.6) | 413 (42.1) | 527 (37.5) | 1987 (40.4) | |
| LP | 553 (42.9) | 633 (51.0) | 439 (44.8) | 681 (48.5) | 2306 (46.9) | <0.001 |
| Missing | 35 | 22 | 28 | 20 | 105 | |
| Layperson CPR | ||||||
| No | 771 (58.2) | 629 (49.8) | 570 (56.5) | 744 (52.2) | 2714 (54.1) | |
| Yes | 553 (41.8) | 633 (50.2) | 439 (43.5) | 681 (47.8) | 2306 (45.9) | <0.001 |
| Witnessed status | ||||||
| Unwitnessed | 780 (58.9) | 750 (59.4) | 589 (58.4) | 763 (53.5) | 2882 (57.4) | |
| Witnessed | 544 (41.1) | 512 (40.6) | 420 (41.6) | 662 (46.5) | 2138 (42.6) | 0.005 |
| Survival until discharge | ||||||
| Yes | 176 (13.3) | 132 (10.5) | 91 (9.0) | 152 (10.7) | 551 (11.0) | |
| No | 1148 (86.7) | 1130 (89.5) | 918 (91.0) | 1273 (89.3) | 4469 (89.0) | 0.008 |
| Status at ED arrival | ||||||
| No pulse at ED arrival | 901 (68.1) | 877 (69.5) | 706 (70.0) | 986 (69.2) | 3470 (69.1) | |
| Pulse at ED arrival | 423 (31.9) | 385 (30.5) | 303 (30.0) | 439 (30.8) | 1550 (30.9) | 0.77 |
| Neurologic status at discharge | ||||||
| Favorable neurological outcome | 158 (11.9) | 118 (9.4) | 74 (7.3) | 133 (9.3) | 483 (9.6) | 0.002 |
| Location | ||||||
| Residential | 904 (68.3) | 904 (71.6) | 834 (82.7) | 1170 (82.1) | 3812 (75.9) | |
| Public | 420 (31.7) | 358 (28.4) | 175 (17.3) | 255 (17.9) | 1208 (24.1) | <0.001 |
| First rhythm | ||||||
| Nonshockable | 1023 (77.3) | 1013 (80.3) | 793 (78.6) | 1079 (75.7) | 3908 (77.8) | |
| Shockable | 301 (22.7) | 249 (19.7) | 216 (21.4) | 346 (24.3) | 1112 (22.2) | 0.03 |
| EMS response time | ||||||
| Median [Q1–Q3] (min) | 6.8 [5.2, 8.9] | 7.2 [5.6, 9.1] | 7.8 [6.2, 9.6] | 8.3 [6.8, 10.4] | 7.6 [5.9, 9.5] | 0.07 |
| Missing values | 91 | 99 | 100 | 127 | 417 | |
| First responders response time | ||||||
| Median [Q1–Q3] (min) | 5.0 [4.0, 6.8] | 5.7 [4.5, 7.2] | 6.5 [5.1, 8.2] | 7.6 [6.2, 9.3] | 6.2 [4.8, 8.0] | 0.006 |
| Missing values | 798 | 781 | 575 | 952 | 3106 | |
| Time to defibrillationa | ||||||
| Median [Q1–Q3] (min) | 9.2 [6.2, 16.4] | 11.0 [7.1, 19.9] | 11.6 [8.0, 20.7] | 11.7 [8.5, 18.2] | 10.9 [7.5, 18.6] | 0.72 |
| Missing values | 99 | 72 | 70 | 142 | 383 | |
| Delay between EMS and first responder dispatch | ||||||
| Median [Q1–Q3] (min) | 0.0 [0.0, 0.0] | 0.0 [0.0, 0.0] | 0.0 [0.0, 0.0] | 0.0 [0.0, 0.0] | 0.0 [0.0, 0.0] | 0.47 |
| Missing values | 804 | 780 | 569 | 958 | 3111 | |
| First responder first arrivals | ||||||
| No | 151 (28.8) | 154 (32.0) | 126 (29.1) | 188 (39.7) | 619 (32.4) | |
| Yes | 374 (71.2) | 327 (68.0) | 307 (70.9) | 285 (60.3) | 1293 (67.6) | <0.001 |
| Missing values | 799 | 781 | 576 | 952 | 3108 | |
| Patients defibrillated within 5 mina | ||||||
| No | 286 (86.4) | 282 (90.7) | 245 (93.2) | 327 (92.4) | 1140 (90.5) | |
| Yes | 45 (13.6) | 29 (9.3) | 18 (6.8) | 27 (7.6) | 119 (9.5) | 0.02 |
| Missing values | 99 | 72 | 70 | 142 | 383 | |
All results are reported as the number of patients (%) unless otherwise specified. AED indicates automated external defibrillator; CPR, cardiopulmonary resuscitation; ED, emergency department; EMS, emergency medical services; FR, first responder; LP, layperson.
a
Only patients who were defibrillated (n=1642).