Table 2.
Rate of CHDs in the Offspring of Diabetic and Control Mothers With and Without Sapropterin (Tetrahydrobiopterin) Treatment
| Control | Streptozotocin | Tetrahydrobiopterin | Streptozotocin+Tetrahydrobiopterin | Streptozotocin+Insulin | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | Dams | N | Dams | N | Dams | N | Dams | N | Dams | |
| 14 | 3 | 38 | 9 | 23 | 4 | 34 | 5 | 20 | 3 | |
| n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | |
| Normal | 14 | 100 | 16 | 40.6** | 23 | 100 | 25 | 73.5† | 20 | 100 |
| Abnormal | 0 | 0 | 22 | 59.4** | 0 | 0 | 9 | 26.5† | 0 | 0 |
| ASD | 0 | 0 | 18 | 47.4** | 0 | 0 | 9 | 26.5 | 0 | 0 |
| VSD | 0 | 0 | 14 | 37.8* | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.0† | 0 | 0 |
| Truncus arteriosus | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2.7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0 |
| AVSD | 0 | 0 | 2 | 5.4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0 |
| DORV | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2.7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0 |
| Pulmonary valve stenosis | 0 | 0 | 14 | 37.8* | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.0† | 0 | 0 |
| Aortic valve stenosis | 0 | 0 | 11 | 29.7* | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2.9† | 0 | 0 |
| RV hypertrophy | 0 | 0 | 9 | 24.3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.0† | 0 | 0 |
| Hypoplastic left heart | 0 | 0 | 8 | 21.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.0† | 0 | 0 |
| Narrowing of the aorta | 0 | 0 | 9 | 24.3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.0† | 0 | 0 |
Data were analyzed using Fisher's exact test. ASD indicates atrial septal defect; AVSD, atrioventricular septal defect; CHD, congenital heart defect; Dams, litter numbers; DORV, double‐outlet right ventricle; N, total number of fetuses; RV, right ventricular; VSD, ventricular septal defect.
*P<0.05, **P<0.001 vs control, † P<0.001 vs streptozotocin.