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. 2018 Nov 6;7(21):e009514. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.118.009514

Figure 4.

Figure 4

Global deletion of Smad4 in adult mice leads to gastrointestinal hemorrhages and arteriovenous malformations (AVMs). A and B, Reduction of body weight (b.w.; A) and hemoglobin levels (B) in Alk1‐, Eng‐, and Smad4‐inducible knockout (iKO) mice 6 days after tamoxifen treatment. *P<0.05, ***P<0.001. C, Hemorrhagic signs shown in gastrointestinal tracks of Smad4‐iKO mice. Scale bars indicate 1 mm. D, Visualized gastric and intestinal AVMs with latex dye perfusion. While the perfused dye was detectable only in arteries of control mice, it was observed in both dilated and tortuous arteries and veins in the stomachs, intestines, and Peyer's patches of Smad4‐, Alk1‐, and Eng‐iKO mice. Scale bars indicate 1 mm. E, Percentages of AVMs formed in intestine (upper panel) or stomach (lower panel) in Alk1‐, Eng‐, and Smad4‐iKO mice. D0 indicates day 0; D6, day 6.