Table 1.
Age‐Adjusted Baseline Characteristics According to Quintiles of the Healthy Heart Score
| Quintile 1 | Quintile 2 | Quintile 3 | Quintile 4 | Quintile 5 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nurses’ Health Study | |||||
| Healthy Heart Score (20‐y risk)a | 2.1 (0.2) | 2.6 (0.1) | 3.1 (0.2) | 4.2 (0.6) | 7.3 (3.0) |
| Healthy Heart Score components | |||||
| Age, y | 50.0 (7.3) | 50.1 (7.3) | 50.4 (7.2) | 50.7 (7.0) | 50.0 (6.9) |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 21.5 (1.8) | 23.3 (2.2) | 25.3 (2.6) | 27.4 (5.1) | 27.0 (6.4) |
| Current smoker, % | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 27.1 | 86.0 |
| Fruits and vegetables, servings per d | 5.9 (2.6) | 5.5 (2.5) | 5.2 (2.6) | 5.2 (2.6) | 4.5 (2.5) |
| Sugar‐sweetened beverages, servings per d | 0.2 (0.3) | 0.2 (0.4) | 0.3 (0.5) | 0.3 (0.6) | 0.4 (0.8) |
| Red and processed meats, servings per d | 0.9 (0.5) | 1.1 (0.6) | 1.2 (0.7) | 1.3 (0.7) | 1.3 (0.8) |
| Cereal fiber, g/d | 5.2 (2.8) | 4.5 (2.4) | 4.0 (2.0) | 3.8 (2.0) | 3.4 (1.8) |
| Nuts, servings per d | 0.2 (0.3) | 0.1 (0.3) | 0.1 (0.2) | 0.1 (0.3) | 0.1 (0.2) |
| Alcohol intake, g/d | 8.6 (9.3) | 6.0 (8.8) | 4.7 (8.6) | 6.7 (11.4) | 8.5 (15.7) |
| Physical activity, MET‐h/wk | 4.3 (2.2) | 3.2 (2.1) | 2.7 (1.9) | 2.9 (2.1) | 2.6 (1.9) |
| Energy intake, kcal | 1736 (489) | 1735 (511) | 1747 (531) | 1765 (544) | 1754 (554) |
| Baseline diabetes mellitus, % | 1.2 | 1.6 | 2.5 | 4.5 | 3.9 |
| Baseline hypertension, % | 13.1 | 15.9 | 21.6 | 27.9 | 25.3 |
| Baseline hypercholesterolemia, % | 6.3 | 7.3 | 8.4 | 9.5 | 8.6 |
| Family history of MI, % | 17.0 | 17.7 | 19.7 | 20.7 | 20.5 |
| Family history of cancer, % | 15.9 | 15.4 | 15.3 | 15.5 | 14.1 |
| Family history of diabetes mellitus, % | 24.7 | 27.4 | 31.7 | 32.8 | 31.9 |
| Aspirin use (yes), % | 71.5 | 72.6 | 71.6 | 71.0 | 70.1 |
| Multivitamin use,% | 44.2 | 39.8 | 36.6 | 35.3 | 31.7 |
| Underwent physical examination for screening purposes | 63.3 | 61.5 | 59.5 | 56.9 | 53.9 |
| Health Professionals’ Follow‐up Study | |||||
| Healthy Heart Score (20‐y risk)† | 2.7 (0.3) | 3.3 (0.1) | 3.8 (0.2) | 4.5 (0.2) | 6.6 (3.1) |
| Healthy Heart Score components | |||||
| Age, y | 53.1 (9.8) | 52.5 (9.6) | 52.7 (9.5) | 52.8 (9.3) | 52.2 (8.9) |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 22.5 (1.6) | 24.0 (1.4) | 25.1 (1.5) | 26.4 (1.9) | 29.2 (4.1) |
| Current smoker, % | 0.4 | 0.9 | 2.8 | 9.6 | 32.7 |
| Fruits and vegetables, servings per d | 5.4 (2.8) | 4.9 (2.5) | 4.6 (2.4) | 4.4 (2.4) | 4.2 (2.4) |
| Sugar‐sweetened beverages, servings per d | 0.2 (0.3) | 0.3 (0.4) | 0.3 (0.5) | 0.4 (0.6) | 0.6 (0.8) |
| Red and processed meats, servings per d | 0.8 (0.6) | 1.0 (0.7) | 1.2 (0.7) | 1.3 (0.8) | 1.6 (0.9) |
| Cereal fiber, g/d | 7.4 (3.6) | 6.2 (3.2) | 5.6 (2.9) | 5.1 (2.6) | 4.5 (2.3) |
| Nuts, servings per d | 0.8 (0.9) | 0.6 (0.7) | 0.6 (0.7) | 0.6 (0.7) | 0.5 (0.6) |
| Alcohol intake, g/d | 14.0 (14.7) | 12.1 (14.1) | 11.0 (14.1) | 10.4 (14.6) | 10.0 (15.2) |
| Physical activity, MET‐h/wk | 5.7 (6.1) | 3.2 (3.7) | 2.4 (3.0) | 1.8 (2.6) | 1.3 (2.2) |
| Energy intake, kcal | 2076 (587) | 2037 (593) | 2044 (617) | 2065 (628) | 2145 (668) |
| Baseline diabetes mellitus, % | 2.0 | 2.2 | 2.2 | 2.3 | 3.2 |
| Baseline hypertension, % | 13.9 | 16.3 | 17.8 | 21.0 | 26.0 |
| Baseline hypercholesterolemia, % | 11.2 | 9.6 | 10.0 | 9.7 | 11.0 |
| Family history of MI, % | 32.5 | 31.5 | 31.7 | 31.6 | 32.0 |
| Family history of cancer, % | 36.3 | 34.1 | 34.9 | 34.4 | 32.8 |
| Family history of diabetes mellitus, % | 17.8 | 17.6 | 19.0 | 20.1 | 21.6 |
| Aspirin use (yes), % | 25.4 | 25.6 | 27.1 | 27.0 | 29.7 |
| Currently uses multivitamins, % | 50.2 | 45.5 | 41.4 | 39.4 | 36.9 |
| Underwent physical examination for screening purposes | 53.3 | 51.9 | 50.9 | 49.8 | 42.6 |
MET indicates metabolic equivalent; MI, myocardial infarction.
Continuous variables are presented as means (SDs) and categorical values as percentages.
a
The formula to estimate the 20‐year risk of cardiovascular disease (percentage) based on lifestyle predictors derived includes age as a constant (50 years) and includes smoking, body mass index (BMI), physical activity, alcohol, and a composite diet score (fruits and vegetables, sugar‐sweetened beverages, red/processed meats, cereal fiber, nuts) (Figure S1).