Table 3.
Cause‐Specific Mortality Based on Quintiles of the Healthy Heart Scorea
| Quintile 1 | Quintile 2 | Quintile 3 | Quintile 4 | Quintile 5 | P Trend | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Coronary heart disease | ||||||
| Cases | 413 | 485 | 572 | 848 | 1200 | |
| MV‐adjusted model | 1 [Reference] | 1.20 (1.06–1.37) | 1.35 (1.19–1.53) | 2.00 (1.37–2.91) | 3.37 (2.16–5.25) | <0.0001 |
| Stroke | ||||||
| Cases | 197 | 222 | 230 | 265 | 305 | |
| MV‐adjusted model | 1 [Reference] | 1.13 (0.93–1.37) | 1.06 (0.55–2.04) | 1.26 (0.80–1.97) | 1.75 (1.02–2.99) | <0.0001 |
| Lung cancer | ||||||
| Cases | 132 | 158 | 174 | 359 | 792 | |
| MV‐adjusted model | 1 [Reference] | 1.26 (0.89–1.79) | 1.38 (1.10–1.73) | 2.84 (2.16–3.75) | 6.04 (2.78–13.13) | <0.0001 |
| Breast cancer (women) | ||||||
| Cases | 79 | 98 | 133 | 182 | 219 | |
| MV‐adjusted model | 1 [Reference] | 1.14 (0.89–1.47) | 1.13 (0.88–1.46) | 1.53 (1.21–1.95) | 1.45 (1.14–1.86) | 0.0009 |
| Prostate cancer (men) | ||||||
| Cases | 84 | 82 | 80 | 72 | 69 | |
| MV‐adjusted model | 1 [Reference] | 1.10 (0.81–1.49) | 1.08 (0.79–1.47) | 0.99 (0.72–1.37) | 1.13 (0.82–1.57) | 0.64 |
| Colon cancer | ||||||
| Cases | 109 | 104 | 143 | 168 | 160 | |
| MV‐adjusted model | 1 [Reference] | 0.95 (0.72–1.24) | 1.26 (0.98–1.63) | 1.48 (1.16–1.89) | 1.51 (1.18–1.93) | 0.005 |
| Other deaths | ||||||
| Cases | 706 | 897 | 923 | 1558 | 2543 | |
| MV‐adjusted model | 1 [Reference] | 1.01 (0.91–1.13) | 1.09 (1.00–1.18) | 1.29 (0.75–2.22) | 1.92 (1.02–3.60) | 0.006 |
Values are expressed as pooled hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals).
Multivariable model, adjusted for age, race, marital status, baseline postmenopausal hormone use (women only), family history of diabetes mellitus, myocardial infarction and cancer, and baseline history of diabetes mellitus, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, multivitamin use, aspirin use, energy intake, and physical examination. Pooled data from the Nurses’ Health Study and Health Professionals’ Follow‐up Study.
The formula to estimate the 20‐year risk of cardiovascular disease (percentage) based on lifestyle predictors derived include age as a constant (50 years) and includes smoking, body mass index, physical activity, alcohol, and a composite diet score (fruits and vegetables, sugar‐sweetened beverages, red/processed meats, cereal fiber, and nuts) (Figure S1).
MV indicates multivariable.