Table 5.

Incidence rates per 100 person-years (95% confidence interval) of clinical outcomes following index hyperkalemic event

	Overall	Serum K+ level during index HK event, mmol/L			Comorbidity
		5.0 to ≤ 5.5a	> 5.5 to ≤ 6.0	> 6.0b	Diabetes	CKD	HF	Hypertension
HK recurrence	8.07 (7.98–8.16)	7.82 (7.73–7.91)	10.68 (10.28–11.08)	12.14 (11.14–13.21)	17.17 (16.76–17.59)	15.33 (15.02–15.65)	20.98 (19.83–22.18)	11.12 (10.97–11.27)
HF	0.61 (0.59–0.64)	0.60 (0.58–0.63)	0.64 (0.55–0.74)	1.38 (1.07–1.75)	1.18 (1.08–1.28)	1.57 (1.48–1.66)	–	0.94 (0.90–0.98)
Cardiac arrhythmia	1.07 (1.03–1.10)	1.05 (1.02–1.09)	1.13 (1.01–1.26)	1.83 (1.46–2.27)	1.58 (1.46–1.70)	2.47 (2.35–2.60)	5.06 (4.33–5.88)	1.57 (1.52–1.63)
Cardiac arrest	0.14 (0.13–0.15)	0.13 (0.12–0.15)	0.17 (0.12–0.22)	0.44 (0.28–0.66)	0.28 (0.23–0.33)	0.31 (0.27–0.35)	0.80 (0.61–1.03)	0.20 (0.18–0.22)
Decline in kidney function	6.68 (6.60–6.76)	6.54 (6.45–6.62)	7.36 (7.04–7.69)	14.61 (13.46–15.83)	12.09 (11.75–12.43)	9.69 (9.45–9.93)	16.57 (15.56–17.64)	8.75 (8.62–8.89)
Acute kidney injury	1.26 (1.23–1.30)	1.18 (1.15–1.22)	1.87 (1.71–2.03)	4.09 (3.52–4.72)	2.71 (2.56–2.87)	4.00 (3.85–4.16)	7.15 (6.49–7.85)	1.94 (1.88–2.00)
Dialysis	0.14 (0.13–0.15)	0.12 (0.11–0.13)	0.21 (0.16–0.27)	1.55 (1.23–1.94)	0.31 (0.27–0.37)	0.41 (0.36–0.46)	0.57 (0.41–0.77)	0.20 (0.19–0.22)
All-cause mortality	2.73 (2.68–2.78)	2.51 (2.46–2.56)	3.83 (3.61–4.05)	12.57 (11.63–13.56)	4.31 (4.13–4.50)	7.09 (6.90–7.29)	14.76 (13.91–15.65)	3.85 (3.76–3.93)
All-cause hospitalization	14.14 (14.01–14.27)	13.86 (13.73–13.99)	15.53 (15.03–16.03)	28.93 (27.22–30.72)	17.6 (17.18–18.03)	22.37 (21.98–22.77)	43.17 (41.33–45.07)	16.24 (16.05–16.43)

^aOr Clinical Practice Research Datalink diagnosis code in the absence of laboratory results

^bOr Hospital Episode Statistics diagnosis code, regardless of serum K⁺ level

CKD chronic kidney disease, HF heart failure, HK hyperkalemia, K⁺ potassium