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. 2019 Jan 19;73(1):10. doi: 10.1007/s00265-018-2609-0

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

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Fig. 1 — Video still images of collective escape patterns (a, e, f, g) and caricature of supposedly underlying behavioural acts (b–d). a Wave, showing one pulse progressing to the right through the flock. b, e Flash expansion. c, f Vacuole. d, g Cordon