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. 2019 Jan 19;73(1):10. doi: 10.1007/s00265-018-2609-0

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

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Fig. 4 — Frequency distribution of the shortest intervals between an attack and four patterns of collective escape. The x-axis shows the time before an attack (−) and after an attack (+) in seconds, and the y-axis shows the frequency. The dotted line indicates the expected occurrence, would events occur randomly in time, the grey ribbon shows the standard deviation