Table.

Positive state assessment tools.

Name of instrument	Brief description	Number of items	Time to complete	Cost	Where to find it	Notes	Pros	Cons
Well-being and quality of life
Physician Wellness Inventory	It has three scales: career purpose, cognitive flexibility and distress.	14 items	Two minutes	free	www.promoteyourwellness.com/PWI.docx	There are only two published studies using this instrument	Free Developed for physicians	Limited studies, need more data on reliability and validity
Physician Well Being Index (PWBI)	Used to: 1) stratify physician well-being in several important dimensions; and 2) identify physicians whose degree of distress may negatively impact their practice.	Seven Items	< Five minutes	Free for individuals Organizations: $10k license and $5k yearly fee	https://www.mededwebs.com/employee-well-being-index	Designed to measure burnout, provide valuable resources when people them the most, and track progress over time to promote self-awareness.	Short Externally validated Can be used for self-screening Provides self-directed learning resources	Costly More useful for screening than detailed testing
Quality of Life Linear Analog Scale Assessment (LASA)	LASA includes five simple items, each of which targets a specific domain of quality of life.	Five items	< Five minutes	Free	http://www.jpsmjournal.com/article/S0885-3924(07)00463-0/pdf	Specific domains include physical well-being (i.e., fatigue, activity level), emotional well-being (i.e., depression, anxiety, stress), spiritual well-being (i.e., sense of meaning, relationship with God), and intellectual well-being (i.e., ability to think clearly, concentrate).	Short Accessible Validated in multiple physician populations	Multiple forms exist
Professional Quality of Life Scale (ProQOL)	Self-report measure that asks the respondent to reflect on his or her experiences at work as a human service provider, both positive and negative, in the past 30 days.	30 items	5–10 minutes	Free, must credit the author	http://www.proqol.org/Home_Page.php	The ProQOL consists of three separate subscales: Compassion Satisfaction, Burnout, and Secondary Traumatic Stress. Standardized scores exist for all three (< 23 = low, 23–41 = average, > 41 = high). No composite score is available. It is recommended to complete the measure in its entirety rather than separate the questions into separate tests divided by subscale.	Free Validated Good reliability	Indirect measure of “wellness”
Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS)	Self-reported measure of how easily a person can fall asleep in different situations	Eight items	One minute	Free for individual use (Need a license for corporate use)	http://epworthsleepinessscale.com/about-the-ess/	The ESS specifically distinguishes reports of dozing behavior from feelings of fatigue and drowsiness/sleepiness	Free Quick and easy to use	Subjective Risk for bias
Resilience and mindfulness
Connor Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC)	Used for clinical practice as a measure of stress and adaptability. Also used to evaluate response to clinical interventions.	25 items	5–10 minutes	Need agreement from authors with small fee Cost is dependent on type and extent of use	http://www.connordavidson-resiliencescale.com/index.php	The scale has been developed and tested as a measure of degree of resilience. The scale also has promise as a method to screen people for high, intermediate or low resilience.	Well validated	Small fee. Initial intent to use on patients with mental illness. Limit use in physicians.
Perceived Stress Scale (PSS)	Used to measure the perception of stress; measure of the degree to which situations in one’s life are appraised as stressful; items are designed to tap how unpredictable, uncontrollable and overloaded respondents find their lives; direct queries of current experienced stress	14 items	10–15 minutes	Free	http://www.psy.cmu.edu/~scohen/scales.html	A psychometrically sound global measure of perceived stress that could provide valuable information about the relationship between stress and pathology (correlations between high perceived stress and burnout).	Free Short Easy to use	Not validated in health care providers
Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations (CISS)	The CISS measures three types of coping styles: task-oriented coping, emotion-oriented coping, and avoidance-oriented coping. It helps you determine the preferred coping style.	48 items	10 minutes	CISS Manual = $57 Quik Score Form (25/pkg)=$60	http://www.mhs.com	Offers precision in predicting preferred coping styles, and contributes to understanding the differential relationships between coping styles and other personality variables.	Reliable and valid Tests the interaction of stress, anxiety, and coping	Cost Not validated in a physician population
Ways of Coping Scale (WAYS)	The Ways of Coping Questionnaire is a 66-item instrument containing a wide range of thoughts and acts that people use to deal with the internal and/or external demands of specific stressful encounters.	66 items	10 minutes	$50 for the manual $2.50/license (50 surveys minimum)	http://www.mindgarden.com/158-ways-of-coping-questionnaire	An assessment of coping in relation to a specific stressful encounter. Not designed to be used as an assessment of coping styles or traits.	Well validated	Cost Length of instrument Not validated in a physician population.
The COPE Inventory (brief)	The COPE Inventory is a multidimensional coping inventory to assess the different ways in which people respond to stress.	28 items	15 minutes	Free	www.psy.miami.edu/faculty/ccarver/sclBrCOPE.html	Five scales (of four items each) measure conceptually distinct aspects of problem-focused coping (active coping, planning, suppression of competing activities, restraint coping, seeking of instrumental social support) Provides individual’s insight into their typical coping response leading to increased mindfulness	Free Easy to use	Not validated in a physician population. Intended use is to provide insight into a typical coping response not a coping style.
Mood and personality
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)	Introspective self-assessment tool that identifies psychological preferences in how people interact with their environments and make decisions.	93 items	15 minutes	$49.95 per user	https://www.cpp.com/products/mbti/index.aspx	Provides insight into an individual’s personality traits, can help us identify weaknesses and be better communicators and decision makers	Widely used and highly regarded Validated Good reliability	Cost
Profile of Mood States (POMS 2)	Self-report psychological rating scale use to assess transient, distinct mood states. Measures multiple dimensions of mood over a distinct period of time which include: Anger-Hostility, Confusion-Bewilderment, Depression-Dejection, Fatigue-Inertia, Tension-Anxiety, Vigor-Activity and Friendliness.	Full version: 65 items Short version: 35 items	Full version: 10 minutes Short version: five minutes	Manual $92, and Single full or short form $3.50	https://ecom.mhs.com(S(4sbwc3qmfsjjpo454qllycuj))/inventory.aspx?gr=cli&prod=poms2&id=pricing&RptGrpID=pmr	Provides insight into an individual’s current mood state and how that may affect their performance at work and interaction with others.	Allows for real-time assessment of risks for burnout, second victim syndrome, etc.	Cost Not well validate in physician population
Thomas-Kilmann Conflict Mode Instrument (TKI)	Self-assessment tool that identifies individual conflict-handling styles, which are categorized into 5 “modes”: competing, collaborating, compromising, avoiding, and accommodating	30 item	15 minutes	$18.95 each, $179 pack of 10	https://www.cpp.com/en/tkiitems.aspx?ic=4813	Provides a pragmatic, situational approach to conflict resolution, change management, leadership development, and communication	Relevant Validated in physician populations	Cost