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. 2019 Mar 1;19:e4.

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Copyright © 2019 The Author(s)

This is an open-access article whereby the authors retain copyright of the work. The article is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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The effect of butyrate combined with DHA on mRNA expression of α-SMA (a), collagen III (b), collagen I (c), and TGF-β1 (d) in HDFs. HDFs were exposed for 24 hours to the indicated concentrations of butyrate with 100 μM DHA or to 16 mM butyrate without DHA. Data from 3 independent experiments were used to calculate mean values and SEMs. *P < .05, **P < .01 as compared with control cultures; ^#P < .01 in comparison with butyrate alone (Tukey-Kramer post hoc test). DHA indicates docosahexaenoic acid; α-SMA, α-smooth muscle actin; TGF-β1, transforming growth factor β1; and HDF, human dermal fibroblast.