Table 1:

Populations at risk for OUD by risk level, setting, and related interventions

Risk factors/Populations	Assessment settings	Interventions for prevention, identification, and bridging to specialized treatment for OUD*
Acute presentations - Overdose reversals - ED complications (infection, injury) - Entering SUD treatment  - Inpatient/residential/outpatient - Criminal Justice involvement	-Emergency departments -Hospitals -Substance abuse treatment -Criminal justice settings	-Urine drug screens -Harm reduction services -Overdose prevention training and reversals -Warm hand-offs to treatment -Supervised MOUD induction (e.g. from ED) -Police referrals to treatment (e.g. PAARI, LEAD)
Patients using opioids High Risk  - >90mg MEQ daily  - Receiving LTOT for non-cancer pain  - Prior acute presentation  - Prior SUD treatment/diagnosis  - Psychiatric comorbidity At Risk  - Family History of SUD  - Young male adults (age 18–35)  - Active risky substance use	-Pain clinics -Physician offices -Primary care -Behavioral health clinics -Adolescent health programs -Outreach programs -Employee assistance programs -Schools	-Frequent clinical assessments -Alternative treatments for chronic pain  (e.g. non-opioid, non-pharmacologic) -Urine drug screens (random) -Prescriber guidelines -Academic detailing of physicians -Pill counts -Refill limits -PDMPs -Naloxone distribution -SBIRT -Targeted prevention programs
General population -Ages 12+	-Public venues -Social media -Primary care -Schools	-Resiliency enrichment programs  (e.g. Lifeskills) -Health promotion and skills training -Public service announcements -Drug take-backs

^*Interventions may be relevant to multiple populations but are listed once alongside the category most relevant for simplicity. MOUD= Medications for Opioid Use Disorder; OUD= Opioid Use Disorder; ED=Emergency Department; PAARI= Police Assisted Addiction and Recovery Initiative; LEAD= Law Enforcement Assisted Diversion; MEQ= Morphine Equivalents (mg); LTOT=Long term opioid therapy; SUD= Substance Use Disorder; PDMP=Prescription Drug Monitoring Program; SBIRT= Screening, Brief Intervention and Referral to Treatment