Table 1.
Baseline Clinical, Laboratory, and Echocardiographic Findings According to the Presence of LV and RV Systolic Dysfunction
| Total (n=1824) | Group 1 (n=600) | Group 2 (n=324) | Group 3 (n=305) | Group 4 (n=595) | P Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline clinical characteristics | ||||||
| Male sex, n (%) | 973 (53) | 277 (46) | 168 (52) | 177 (58) | 351 (59) | <0.001 |
| Age, y | 70.4±13.8 | 70.3±14.6 | 72.0±12.9 | 70.8±12.9 | 69.4±14.0 | 0.052 |
| Weight, kg | 60.0±12.9 | 61.1±13.7 | 60.0±12.4 | 59.6±12.3 | 59.3±12.6 | <0.001 |
| Height, cm | 160.1±9.5 | 158.6±9.7 | 159.3±9.0 | 160.7±9.4 | 161.6±9.2 | <0.001 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 23.3±3.9 | 23.4±3.9 | 23.4±4.0 | 23.1±3.7 | 23.2±4.0 | 0.604 |
| NYHA Fc ≥IV, n (%) | 892 (49) | 240 (40) | 133 (41) | 179 (59) | 340 (57) | <0.001 |
| Physical examination | ||||||
| SBP, mm Hg | 131.7±28.5 | 133.4±28.5 | 133.2±30.5 | 133.9±27.5 | 128.1±27.6 | 0.002 |
| DBP, mm Hg | 76.0±17.7 | 74.6±17.0 | 75.5±18.0 | 78.3±17.4 | 76.6±18.5 | 0.022 |
| Heart rate, beats/min | 91.4±25.7 | 81.1±23.6 | 88.8±23.8 | 95.9±24.4 | 101.0±25.4 | <0.001 |
| Past medical history, n (%) | ||||||
| Atrial fibrillation | 566 (31) | 142 (24) | 133 (41) | 65 (21) | 226 (38) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension | 1169 (64) | 386 (64) | 219 (68) | 210 (69) | 354 (60) | 0.017 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 694 (38) | 204 (34) | 110 (34) | 140 (46) | 240 (40) | 0.001 |
| IHD | 615 (34) | 208 (35) | 106 (33) | 120 (39) | 181 (30) | 0.055 |
| Laboratory findings | ||||||
| Hemoglobin, g/dL | 12.3±2.3 | 11.9±2.3 | 12.2±2.3 | 12.2±2.2 | 12.8±2.3 | <0.001 |
| Creatinine, mg/dL | 1.61±1.83 | 1.64±2.1 | 1.49±1.44 | 1.67±1.73 | 1.62±1.76 | 0.604 |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 151.7±43.4 | 154.8±44.1 | 143.7±39.1 | 158.8±44.6 | 149.5±43.4 | <0.001 |
| LogNT‐proBNP | 3.67±0.60 | 3.47±0.64 | 3.64±0.55 | 3.83±0.52 | 3.84±0.53 | <0.001 |
| Echocardiographic findings | ||||||
| LVEDD, mm | 54.2±9.7 | 51.1±8.5 | 50.6±8.0 | 57.1±9.4 | 57.6±10.0 | <0.001 |
| LVESD, mm | 41.7±11.6 | 37.0±9.8 | 37.1±9.2 | 46.0±11.1 | 47.7±11.5 | <0.001 |
| LVEDV, mL | 126.8±66.6 | 106.5±50.4 | 99.3±43.7 | 144.6±65.6 | 151.1±78.3 | <0.001 |
| LVESV, mL | 84.3±58.0 | 60.3±40.8 | 57.3±35.0 | 101.9±54.1 | 112.2±67.0 | <0.001 |
| LVEF, % | 39.3±15.2 | 48.1±13.3 | 46.9±13.2 | 32.8±11.4 | 29.7±11.9 | <0.001 |
| Mitral E‐velocity, m/s | 0.91±0.38 | 0.88±0.37 | 0.92±0.40 | 0.87±0.36 | 0.97±0.38 | <0.001 |
| Mitral A‐velocity, m/s | 0.74±0.31 | 0.81±0.30 | 0.76±0.30 | 0.74±0.29 | 0.63±0.30 | <0.001 |
| E′ velocity, cm/s | 5.2±2.3 | 5.7±2.6 | 5.4±2.1 | 4.6±1.9 | 4.8±2.0 | <0.001 |
| E/E′ ratio | 19.5±11.2 | 16.9±8.6 | 18.1±10.2 | 20.6±9.4 | 22.6±14.1 | <0.001 |
| RVSP, mm Hg | 45.6±20.2 | 45.5±28.8 | 46.5±17.3 | 44.2±15.2 | 45.9±14.1 | 0.652 |
| LVGLS, % | 9.7±4.7 | 14.0±3.9 | 12.1±2.6 | 6.7±1.5 | 5.5±1.9 | <0.001 |
| RVGLS, % | 12.0±6.2 | 17.6±4.7 | 8.2±2.6 | 15.8±3.6 | 6.6±2.9 | <0.001 |
| Definition of HF, n (%) | <0.001 | |||||
| HFrEF | 975 (54) | 161 (27) | 101 (31) | 230 (75) | 483 (81) | |
| HFmrEF | 337 (18) | 140 (23) | 72 (22) | 53 (17) | 72 (12) | |
| HFpEF | 512 (28) | 299 (50) | 151 (47) | 22 (7) | 40 (7) | |
| Medication at discharge (%) | ||||||
| RAS inhibitor | 63.0 | 63.0 | 61.4 | 65.6 | 62.5 | 0.732 |
| β‐Blocker | 52.6 | 54.2 | 53.7 | 54.4 | 49.5 | 0.327 |
| MRA | 41.4 | 37.7 | 42.6 | 41.0 | 44.6 | 0.103 |
Group 1: LVGLS (≥9%) and RVGLS (≥12%); group 2: LVGLS (≥9%) and RVGLS (<12%); group 3: LVGLS (<9%) and RVGLS (≥12%); group 4: LVGLS (<9%) and RVGLS (<12%). BMI indicates body mass index; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HF, heart failure; HFmrEF, heart failure with midrange ejection fraction; HFpEF, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; HFrEF, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; IHD, ischemic heart disease; LV, left ventricular; LVEDD, left ventricular end‐diastolic dimension; LVEDV, left ventricular end‐diastolic volume; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; LVESD, left ventricular end‐systolic dimension; LVESV, left ventricular end‐systolic volume; LVGLS, left ventricular global (peak systolic) longitudinal strain; MRA, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist; NT‐proBNP, N‐terminal probrain natriuretic peptide; NYHA Fc, New York Heart Association functional class; RAS, renin–angiotensin system; RV, right ventricular; RVGLS, right ventricular global (peak systolic) longitudinal strain; RVSP, right ventricular systolic pressure; SBP, systolic blood pressure.