Table 2.
Univariate Analysis in the Prediction of All‐Cause Death Within 5 Years
| Variable | HR | 95% CI | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (per 1 y) | 1.048 | 1.041–1.055 | <0.001 |
| Male sex | 1.035 | 0.901–1.189 | 0.625 |
| BMI (per 1 kg/m2) | 0.925 | 0.907–0.943 | <0.001 |
| SBP (per 1 mm Hg) | 0.997 | 0.995–1.000 | 0.035 |
| DBP (per 1 mm Hg) | 0.990 | 0.986–0.994 | <0.001 |
| Heart rate (per 1 beat/min) | 1.001 | 0.998–1.004 | 0.387 |
| NYHA Fc IV | 1.452 | 1.262–1.671 | <0.001 |
| Atrial fibrillation (per 1% increase) | 1.075 | 0.927–1.246 | 0.3415 |
| Hypertension | 1.375 | 1.183–1.599 | <0.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 1.310 | 1.139–1.507 | <0.001 |
| IHD | 1.318 | 1.143–1.519 | <0.001 |
| Hemoglobin (per 1 g/dL) | 0.858 | 0.829–0.888 | <0.001 |
| Creatinine (per 1 mg/dL) | 1.070 | 1.041–1.099 | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol (per 1 mg/dL) | 0.996 | 0.995–0.998 | <0.001 |
| LogNT proBNP | 2.322 | 1.943–2.774 | <0.001 |
| LVEDD (per 1 mm) | 0.992 | 0.984–0.999 | 0.033 |
| LVESD (per 1 mm) | 0.995 | 0.988–1.001 | 0.108 |
| LVEDV (per 1 mL) | 0.999 | 0.998–1.000 | 0.099 |
| LVESV (per 1 mL) | 0.999 | 0.998–1.001 | 0.342 |
| LVEF (per 1%) | 0.998 | 0.993–1.003 | 0.388 |
| E/E′ ratio (per 1) | 1.020 | 1.013–1.026 | <0.001 |
| RVSP (>31 mm Hg) | 1.344 | 1.072–1.685 | 0.010 |
| HF definition | |||
| HFrEF | Reference | 0.374 | |
| HFmrEF | 0.913 | 0.727–1.147 | 0.5241 |
| HFpEF | 1.055 | 0.895–1.243 | 0.434 |
| LVGLS (per 1% decrease) | 1.054 | 1.036–1.071 | <0.001 |
| LVGLS <9% | 1.486 | 1.291–1.709 | <0.001 |
| RVGLS (per 1% decrease) | 1.033 | 1.021–1.045 | <0.001 |
| RVGLS <12% | 1.405 | 1.222–1.616 | <0.001 |
| Strain group | <0.001 | ||
| Group 1 (LVGLS ≥9%+RVGLS ≥12%) | Reference | <0.001 | |
| Group 2 (LVGLS ≥9%+RVGLS <12%) | 1.265 | 1.019–1.569 | 0.033 |
| Group 3 (LVGLS <9%+RVGLS ≥12%) | 1.383 | 1.115–1.715 | 0.003 |
| Group 4 (LVGLS <9%+RVGLS <12%) | 1.755 | 1.473–2.091 | <0.001 |
| Use of RAS inhibitor at discharge | 0.644 | 0.560–0.741 | <0.001 |
| Use of β‐blocker at discharge | 0.596 | 0.518–0.687 | <0.001 |
| Use of MRA at discharge | 0.834 | 0.722–0.962 | 0.013 |
BMI indicates body mass index; CI, confidence interval; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HFmrEF, heart failure with midrange ejection fraction; HFpEF, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; HFrEF, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; HR, hazard ratio; IHD, ischemic heart disease; LVEDD, left ventricular end‐diastolic dimension; LVEDV, left ventricular end‐diastolic volume; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; LVESD, left ventricular end‐systolic dimension; LVESV, left ventricular end‐systolic volume; LVGLS, left ventricular global (peak systolic) longitudinal strain; MRA, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist; NT‐proBNP, N‐terminal probrain natriuretic peptide; NYHA Fc, New York Heart Association functional class; RAS, renin–angiotensin system; RVGLS, right ventricular global (peak systolic) longitudinal strain; RVSP, right ventricular systolic pressure; SBP, systolic blood pressure.