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Optimized concentration of VSMC to fully cover inside the circular microfluidic channel. The used concentration was [(a)–(c)] 1 × 105 cells/ml, [(d)–(f)] 2.5 × 105 cells/ml, and [(g)–(i)] 1 × 106 cells/ml. Filamentous actin of VSMCs was stained with a green fluorescence dye to be visualized. Dotted lines were the boundaries of the microfluidic channel. Scale bar: 200 μm.
