Table 2. Neuropsychological performance controlled for motor function and age effects in DM1 and DM2 patients and healthy controls, test results at baseline (T1) and follow-up (T2).
| Domains/ Tests | DM1 (n = 16) |
DM2 (n = 16) |
Control group (n = 17) |
DM1 compared with controls | DM2 compared with controls | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Memory | ||||||
| Naming (Boston Naming), a | T1 | 55.50 ± 3.60 | 52.88 ± 8.31 | 57.29 ± 3.16 | 0.26 (0.530) | 3.25 (0.71) |
| T2 | 55.31 ± 5.13 | 55.75 ± 3.61 | 57.06 ± 4.31 [n = 16] |
0.04 (0.370) | 0.70 (0.329) | |
| Verbal memory recognition (NeurocogFX), a | T1 | 44.09 ± 2.56 | 39.91 ± 7.78 | 40.91 ± 3.10 | 6.49 (-1.115) p = 0.048 ! |
0.05 (0.171) |
| T2 | 40.53 ± 11.28 | 42.44 ± 3.86 | 38.18 ± 11.16 | 0.39 (-0.237) | 0.53 (-0.504) | |
| Figural memory recognition (NeurocogFX), a | T1 | 6.25 ± 5.65 | 8.06 ± 9.23 | 8.00 ± 6.34 | 0.27 (0.291) | 0.66 (-0.008) |
| T2 | 5.69 ± 6.94 | 11.31 ± 6.57 | 9.65 ± 6.39 | 0.01 (0.594) | 0.30 (-0.256) | |
| Reaction | ||||||
| Focused attention (c.I.T.S.), b | T1 | 18.00 ± 4.10 | 20.19 ± 5.37 | 15.94 ± 3.05 | 0.53 (-0.573) | 7.16 (-0.981) p = 0.048 |
| T2 | 20.88 ± 4.60 | 20.56 ± 5.06 | 17.35 ± 2.91 | 3.54 (-0.924) | 4.99 (-0.784) | |
| Psychomotoric speed (TMT A), b | T1 | 31.69 ± 10.36 | 35.06 ± 14.73 | 34.53 ± 14.81 | 0.27 (0.221) | 0.04 (-0.036) |
| T2 | 38.44 ± 12.15 | 32.63 ± 12.82 | 37.06 ± 10.91 | 0.01 (-0.12) | 1.06 (0.373) | |
| Reaction time (NeurocogFX), b | T1 | 262.06 ± 63.53 | 279.00 ± 73.22 | 258.06 ± 45.21 | 0.48 (-0.073) | 0.41 (-0.347) |
| T2 | 288.50 ± 33.62 | 291.88 ± 38.72 | 264.35 ± 37.29 | 2.01 (-0.679) | 2.71 (-0.725) | |
| Selective attention (Choice reaction time, NeurocogFX), b | T1 | 88.00 ± 33.03 | 143.19 ± 59.52 | 135.06 ± 50.66 | 6.04 (1.093) | 0.83 (-0.147) |
| T2 | 119.94 ± 78.22 | 107.31 ± 94.10 | 100.18 ± 29.9 | 0.81 (-0.338) | 0.17 (-0.103) | |
| Executive functioning | ||||||
| Interference (c.I.T.I), b | T1 | 25.63 ± 5.76 | 25.06 ± 5.01 | 18.65 ± 3.22 |
7.24 (-1.509) p = 0.048 |
13.88 (-1.532) p = 0.004 |
| T2 | 27.50 ± 6.06 | 25.63 ± 5.60 | 19.00 ± 2.55 |
9.56 (-1.849) p = 0.016 |
17.69 (-1.54) p = < 0.001 |
|
| Interference (NeurocogFX), b | T1 | 388.06 ± 55.44 | 436.50 ± 84.57 | 415.18 ± 77.86 | 1.19 (0.399) | 0.38 (-0.263) |
| T2 | 409.94 ± 47.43 | 422.88 ± 64.36 | 418.71 ± 83.77 | 0.34 (0.128) | 0.56 (-0.063) | |
| Attention shift, mental flexibility (TMT B), b | T1 | 96.56 ± 51.37 | 82.94 ± 28.84 | 82.59 ± 32.80 | 0.49 (-0.326) | 0.25 (-0.011) |
| T2 | 121.44 ± 76.61 | 90.31 ± 48.37 | 91.35 ± 39.22 | 0.07 (-0.499) | 0.00 (0.024) | |
| Visual-spatial / visual-constructive abilities (Block design), a | T1 | 25.25 ± 10.38 | 33.06 ± 7.77 | 28.94 ± 7.50 | 1.03 (0.41) | 1.98 (-0.54) |
| T2 | 23.69 ± 11.22 | 28.56 ± 10.20 | 31.41 ± 8.27 | 2.30 (0.787) | 0.86 (0.308) | |
| Fluency | ||||||
| Phonematic fluency, a | T1 | 31.25 ± 6.79 | 30.19 ± 8.85 | 34.18 ± 9.00 | 0.25 (0.366) | 0.21 (0.447) |
| T2 | 32.19 ± 7.01 | 31.81 ± 10.18 | 36.29 ± 8.92 | 0.01 (0.509) | 0.48 (0.469) | |
| Semantic fluency, a | T1 | 23.94 ± 5.88 | 22.81 ± 6.26 | 24.35 ± 3.92 | 1.21 (0.083) | 0.07 (0.297) |
| T2 | 24.31 ± 6.03 | 23.63 ± 5.05 | 25.12 ± 6.91 | 0.93 (0.125) | 0.47 (0.245) | |
The neuropsychological test battery included 13 tests, analysing memory, reaction, executive functioning, and fluency in DM1 and DM2 patients and controls at baseline (T1) and follow-up (T2).
Given values in columns 3 to 5 are mean absolute test results ± SD at baseline and follow-up. Lower n due to a missing value for a single score is given in squared brackets. Given values in columns 6 and 7 are F-values of group comparisons; Cohen´s d-values for the effect sizes are given in brackets. Bimanual Pegboard task and age were used as covariates to correct for motor impairment and age effects.
Bold = significant difference compared with control group, Bonferroni corrected; p < 0.05.
a = higher number indicating better results
b = lower number indicating better results
! = patients performed better than controls.