Table 2. Association of explanatory variables with depression symptom severity progression, regression, and cardiovascular event.
Depression Level 1 = No Symptoms (<8), 2 = Mild (8–10), 3 = Moderate/Severe (≥11)a.
| Progression | Regression | CVE | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1→2 | 1→3 | 2→3 | 2→1 | 3→1 | 3→2 | 1→CVE | 2→CVE | 3→CVE | |
| Variables | TIR (95% CI) |
TIR (95% CI) |
TIR (95% CI) |
TIR (95% CI) |
TIR (95% CI) |
TIR (95% CI) |
TIR (95% CI) |
TIR (95% CI) |
TIR (95% CI) |
| Age | 1.0 (0.8, 1.2) |
1.1 (0.8,1.6) | 1.1 (0.8, 1.5) |
0.8 (0.6, 0.9) |
0.9 (0.6, 1.4) |
0.7 (0.5, 1.1) |
1.4 (1.2, 1.8) |
1.9 (1.1, 3.3) |
2.3 (1.3, 3.9) |
| Female Sex | 1.0 (0.7, 1.5) |
0.8 (0.4, 1.7) |
0.8 (0.4, 1.7) |
1.2 (0.8, 1.8) |
1.4 (0.7, 2.8) |
0.9 (0.4, 2.2) |
0.5 (0.3, 0.9) |
1.0 (0.3, 1.5) |
0.4 (0.1, 1.4) |
| BMI |
1.3 (1.0, 1.7) |
0.8 (0.6, 1.2) |
1.1 (0.7, 1.5) |
0.7 (0.6, 0.9) |
0.7 (0.5, 1.1) |
1.2 (0.7, 1.8) |
0.9 (0.7, 1.2) |
1.2 (0.7, 2.1) |
1.4 (0.8, 2.6) |
| Current/former smoker | 0.9 (0.6, 1.2) |
1.4 (0.8, 2.5) |
1.1 (0.6, 1.9) |
0.9 (0.6, 1.2) |
0.7 (0.4, 1.3) |
1.3 (0.6, 2.6) |
1.2 (0.8, 1.7) |
1.8 (0.7, 4.7) |
0.9 (0.4, 2.2) |
| Education <10 years |
1.4 (1.0, 1.8) |
1.9 (1.1, 3.3) |
1.1 (0.7, 1.9) |
1.1 (0.8, 1.5) |
1.8 (0.9, 3.6) |
0.9 (0.5, 1.7) |
1.3 (0.9, 1.8) |
1.1 (0.5, 2.5) |
0.4 (0.2, 0.8) |
| History of diabetes | 1.1 (0.7, 1.6) |
1.5 (0.8, 2.8) |
1.3 (0.7, 2.4) |
1.2 (0.8, 1.8) |
1.1 (0.6, 2.1) |
1.0 (0.5, 2.2) |
1.6 (1.1, 2.4) |
3.4 (1.4, 7.8) |
0.4 (0.1, 1.1) |
| History of myocardial infarction | 1.0 (0.8, 1.4) |
1.4 (0.8, 2.4) |
0.9 (0.5, 1.4) |
1.2 (0.9, 1.6) |
0.6 (0.3, 1.0) |
0.9 (0.5, 1.5) |
1.2 (0.9, 1.7) |
1.3 (0.6, 2.8) |
0.8 (0.4, 2.0) |
| Lower physical activity level |
1.3 (1.1, 1.5) |
1.6 (1.3, 2.1) |
1.2 (0.9, 1.5) |
0.8 (0.7, 1.0) |
0.8 (0.6, 1.0) |
0.7 (0.5, 1.0) |
1.1 (0.9, 1.3) |
1.4 (0.9, 1.9) |
1.5 (1.0, 2.2) |
| Anti-depression meds | 0.9 (0.3, 2.9) |
3.6 (1.3, 10.2) |
1.6 (0.4, 5.8) |
0.9 (0.3, 3.1) |
0.6 (0.1, 2.6) |
0.3 (0.1, 1.8) |
0.0 (0.0, 0.0) |
2.0 (0.2, 19.4) |
3.2 (0.6, 16.8) |
| Anti-anxiety meds | 0.8 (0.2, 3.1) |
1.6 (0.4, 6.8) |
1.4 (0.4, 4.8) |
1.2 (0.5, 3.0) |
1.9 (0.3, 10.8) |
3.5 (0.6, 19.3) |
1.9 (0.7, 5.3) |
0.0 (0.0, 0.0) |
0.0 (0.0, 0.0) |
Depression level 1 = no symptoms (<8), 2 = mild (8–10), 3 = moderate/severe (≥11); TIR, Transition Intensities Ratio; 95% CI, 95% Confidence Interval; CVE, cardiovascular event; BMI, body mass index.
aTIR estimates are adjusted for age (< 55 yr, 55–64 yr, and > 64 yr), female sex, body mass index (BMI; <25 kg/m2 normal, 25–29.9 kg/m2 overweight, and ≥30 kg/m2 obese), current/former smoker, education <10 years, history of diabetes, history of myocardial infarction, lower physical activity (PA) at year one (PA level 1: daily or 5-6x/week, PA level 2: 2-4x/week, PA level 3: 1x/week or 1-3x/month, and PA level 4: seldom or never), and anti-depression/anxiety medication use. TIR is the ratio of transition intensities between the exposed group to the unexposed group and can be interpreted as relative risk (RR).