Table 1. Main characteristics of the studies included in the systematic review (n = 75).
|
Author (publication date) |
Countries or territories | Study design | Setting | Age group | Type of diagnosis | Serological test | Sub-area | Cases (number or range) | Prevalence (%) | Enrollment (year/s or period) | Total population, 1st July 1950 (thousands)* |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rat (1904)[17] | Anguilla | Case series | Health facility | 5 | 1 | ND | 8 | 1902 | 5 | ||
| Pons (1963)[18] | Argentina | Case report | Health facility | 4 | 3 | 2 | Mendoza; Capital | 1 | 1963 | 17,150 | |
| Jorg (1974)[19] | Argentina | Case report | Health facility | 4 | 4/3 | ND | Chaco; Pilcomayo/ Formosa; Mg L.J Fontana | 2 | 1939/ 1960 | ||
| Guimaraes (1953)[20] | Brazil | Case series | Health facility | 1 | 3 | 2 | Rio de Janeiro; 2° adm: 5 | 1,086 | 1945–1950 | 53,975 | |
| Guimaraes (1961)[21] | Brazil | Cross sectional | Community | 5 | 3 | ND | 1° adm: 13, 2° adm: 450 | 515,637 | 7.1 | 1956–1959 | |
| Pinotti (1968)[22] | Brazil | Case series | Community | 5 | ND | Para | 18,201 | 28.4 | 1956 | ||
| Muniz (2012)[23] | Brazil | Cross sectional | Community | 5 | 1 | 1° adm: 9–11; 2° adm: 78–197 | 583,515 | 7.2 | 1958–1960 | ||
| Prussia (1985)[24] | Barbados | Case series | Health facility | 4 | 3 | 3 | ND | 1 | 1982 | 211 | |
| Vargas-Cuellar (1949)[25] | Colombia | Case series | Health facility | 1 | 3 | 2 | Valle Del Cauca | 1,281 | 1938–1939 | 12,341 | |
| Lopez-Narvaez (1956)[26] | Colombia | Cross sectional | Community | 6 (0-7/ 8-14/ total) | 3 | 2 | Pacific coast and Chocó | 111,144 | 1950–1953 | ||
| Hopkins et al. (1977)[27] | Colombia | Case series | Community | 5 | 3 | 3 | Pacific Coast | 23,682 | 1947–1974 | ||
| Uribe (1985)[28] | Colombia | Cross sectional | Community | 5 | 1 | Pacific Coast; 1° adm: 22 | 10,747 | 0.2 | 1973–1983 | ||
| Restrepo et al. (2001)[29] | Colombia | Cross sectional | Community | 5 | 3 | 3 | Pacific Coast; Narino, Cauca, Choco | 0 | 1995 | ||
| Pardo-Castello (1939)[30] | Cuba | Cross sectional | Community | 6 (0-15/ 16-50/ >50) | 3 | 2 | Santiago de Cuba | 500 | 0.0 | 1937 |
5,920 |
| Gener (1945)[31] | Cuba | Case series | Health facility | 5 | 3 | ND | Sierra Maestra | 189 | 1945 | ||
| Moss (1929)[32] | Dominican Republic | Case series | Health facility | 5 | 3 | 2 | Santo Domingo | 1,046 | 1920 | 2 365 | |
| Guderian et al. (1995)[33] | Ecuador | Cross sectional | Community | 5 | 3 | 3 | Esmeraldas; Eloy Alfaro, Santiago Basin; Localities: 87 | 333 | 11.2 | 1988 | 3,470 |
| Anselmi et al. (1995)[34] | Ecuador | Cross sectional | Community | 5 | 3 | 3 | Esmeraldas; Eloy Alfaro, Santiago Basin; Localities: 87 | 16 | 0.6 | 1993 | |
| Anselmi et al. (2003)[10] | Ecuador | Cross sectional | Community | 5 | 3 | 3 | Esmeraldas; Eloy Alfaro, Santiago Basin; Localities: 87 | 0 | 0.0 | 1998 | |
| Cockin (1913)[35] | Grenada | Case series | Health facility | 5 | ND | Saint George | 360 | 1912 | 77 | ||
| Hartley (1935)[36] | Grenada | Case report | Health facility | 3 | ND | Saint George | 1 | 1934 | |||
| Padilla-Bolaños et al. (1934)[37] | Guatemala | Case report | Health facility | 5 | 4 | Suchitepequez; San Pablo Jocopilas | 6 | 1931–1932 | 3,115 | ||
| Floch (1945)[38] | French Guyana | Case report | Health facility | 4 | 4 | ND and Cayenne | 2 | 1943 | 25 | ||
| Sausse (1951)[39] | French Guyana | Case series | ND | 5 | 1 | St Lorent du Maroni | 17 | 1951 | |||
| Scolnik et al. (2003)[40] | Guyana | Cross sectional | School | 6 (1-13/ 15–53) | 3 | 3 | Cuyuni/Mazaruni; Mazaruni/Left Bank Essequibo River; Localities: 7 | 60 | 4 | 2000–2001 | 407 |
| Wilson et al. (1930)[41] | Haiti | Case series | Health facility | 6 (0-5/6-10/11-20/≥21)/5 | 1 | Ouest; Port-au-Prince | 4,712 |
1929 |
3,221 |
||
| Dwinelle et al. (1947)[42] | Haiti | Case series | Health facility | 6 (0-5/6-12/13-16/≥17) | 3 | 2 | Ouest; Port-au-Prince and Leogane | 500 | 1944–1945 | ||
| Guthe et al. (1951)[43] | Haiti | Case series | Community | 5 | 3 | 2 | Localities: 336 | 500,000 | 17.0 | 1950 | |
| Petrus et al. (1953)[44] | Haiti | Cross sectional | Community | 6 (0-16/≥17) | 4 | Sud and Grand Anse; 2° adm: 5; rural sections/localities: 12 | 38 | 0.6 | 1952 | ||
| Hume et al. (1956)[45] | Haiti | Case series | Health facility | 1 | 3 | 2 | Sud-Est; Bainet | 1,049 | 1951–1952 | ||
| Samame (1956)[46] | Haiti | Cross sectional | Community | 5 | 4 | 1° adm: 7; 2° adm: 4 | 518 | 0.6 | 1954–1955 | ||
| Petrus et al. (1957)[47] | Haiti | Cross sectional | Community | 5 | 1 | 1° adm: 7; 2° adm: 5 | 560 | 0.5 | 1952–1955 | ||
| Rao (1960)[48] | Haiti | Cross sectional | Community | 5 | 4 | 1° adm: 5 | 271 | 0.3 | 1958 | ||
| La Pommeray et al. (1962)[49] | Haiti | Cross sectional | Community | 5 | 4 | 1° adm: 4 | 2 | 1.1 | 1960 | ||
| PAHO (1962)[50] | Haiti | Cross sectional | Community | 5 | 1/4 | National | 1,297,868 | 35.8 | 1950–56 | ||
| ND | 1,368 | 0.0 | 1959–62 | ||||||||
| Gentilini et al. (1964)[51] | Haiti | Cross sectional | Community | 5 | ND | National | 70.0 | 1948 | |||
| ND | 1.0 | 1960 | |||||||||
| 33 | 1961 | ||||||||||
| 0 | 1963 | ||||||||||
| Maxwell (1839)[52] | Jamaica | Case report | Health facility | 5 | 1 | ND | 19 | 1824–1839 |
1,403 |
||
| Turner et al. (1935)[53] | Jamaica | Cross sectional | Community | 1 | 3 | 2 | St Thomas; Bath and Seaforth | 2,426 | 53.5 | 1932 | |
| Saunders et al. (1936)[54] | Jamaica | Cross sectional | Community/ School |
3/ 6 (5–14 yr) |
3 | 2 | 1° adm: 14; Localities: 48 | 0–84.0 | 1932–36 | ||
| 12,942 | 15.1 | 1936 | |||||||||
| Hill (1953)[55] | Jamaica | Case series | Health facility | 5 | 3 | 2 | ND | 200 | 1951–1953 | ||
| Ashcroft et al. (1965)[56] | Jamaica | Cross sectional | School | 6 (7–15 yr) | 3 | 2 | St Mary, Kingston and St Catherine | 80 | 9.2 | 1963 | |
| Gentle (1965)[57] | Jamaica | Cross sectional | Health facility | 1 | 3 | 2 | 1° adm: 12 | 673 | 1963 | ||
| Gourlay et al. (1965)[58] | Jamaica | Case series | Community | 5 | 3 | 2 | Kingston; Hermitage and August Town (suburban) | 4 | 0.1 | 1964 | |
| Cummins (1972)[59] | Jamaica | Case series | Health facility | 5 | 3 | 3 | Kingston and Clarendon | 20 | 1972 | ||
| Ashcroft et al. (1978)[60] | Jamaica | Cross sectional | School | 6 (6–14 yr) | 3 | 3 | St Andrews and St Mary | 0.6 |
1976 |
||
| Lee et al. (1963)[61] | Saint Lucia | Cross sectional/ Case series |
School/ Community |
6 (4–15 yr)/ 5 |
1/ 3 |
ND | Region 4 and 6 | 41 | 3.1 | 1957 | 83 |
| 1° adm: 7 | 3,450 | 1954–62 | |||||||||
| Lee (1967)[62] | Saint Lucia | Cross sectional/ Case series |
School/ Community |
6 (<15 yr)/ 5 |
3 | ND | Dennery District; Dennery Village and Richfond Valley | 294 | 8.6 | 1964 | |
| 3 | 1965–1966 | ||||||||||
| Montestruc (1953)[63] | Martinique | Case series | Health facility | 5 | 3 | 2 | National | 6 | 1949–1952 | 222 | |
| Maier et al. (2001)[64] | Martinique | Case series | Community | 5 | 2 | 3 | National | 13 | 20.7 | 1995–1999 | |
| Espinosa et al. (1952)[65] | Panama | Cross sectional | Community | 5 | ND | Darien; Chepigana and Pinogana; Villages: 16 | 355 | 8.7 |
1949 |
860 | |
| Kooy (1970)[66] | Suriname | Case series | Health facility | 5 | ND | National | 73 | 1966 |
215 |
||
| Niemel et al. (1979)[67] | Suriname | Cross sectional | School | 6 (4–16 yr) | 3 | 2 | Saramacca | 212 | 21.9 | 1976 | |
| Niemel et al. (1985)[68] | Suriname | Cross sectional/ Case series |
School/ Community/ Health facility |
6 (4–16 yr)/ 5 |
3 | 3 | 1° adm: 6 | 652 | 7.5 | 1976–1981 | |
| National | 8,094 | 1949–1962 | |||||||||
| Paramaribo | 71 | 1973–1981 | |||||||||
| Fawkes (1957)[69] | Trinidad and Tobago |
Case series |
Health facility/ Community |
5 | 3/1 | 2 | 1° adm: 15; Localities: 27 | 11,350 | 1945–1953 | 646 | |
| ND | 18,825 | 1888–1920 | |||||||||
| 7–13 | 1924 | ||||||||||
| 9–11 | 1932 | ||||||||||
| Fox (1922)[70] | USA | Case report | Health facility | 4 | 3 | 2 | New York; New York | 1 | 1921 | 158,804 | |
| Alderson et al. (1923)[71] | USA | Case report | Health facility | 4 | 3 | 2 | California; San Francisco | 1 | 1922 | ||
| Cady et al. (1924)[72] | USA | Case report | Health facility | 4 | 3 | 2 | Missouri; St. Louis | 1 | 1923 | ||
| Downing (1948)[73] | USA | Case report | Health facility | 2 | 3 | 2 | Massachusetts; Suffolk; Boston | 2 | 1947 | ||
| Post (1948)[74] | USA | Case report | Health facility | 3 | 3 | 2 | New York; New York | 1 | 1947 | ||
| Abreu et al. (1951) | Venezuela | Cross sectional | Community | 5 | 1 | Miranda; Paez; Cupira | 62 | 1.2 | 1949 | 5,482 | |
| ND | 9 | 0.2 | 1950 | ||||||||
| Medina et al. (1954) | Venezuela | Cross sectional | Community | 5 | ND | 1° adm: 16 | 18,560 | 2.4 | 1943–1950 | ||
| Smith et al. (1971)[75] | Venezuela | Case series | Health facility | 5 | 3 | 3 | Distrito Federal; Libertador (Caracas) | 71 | 1969 | ||
| PAHO (1933)[76] | 5 | Case series | Health facility /ND | 6 (0–13)/5 | ND | 1° adm: 5 | 3–61,931 | 1918–1933 | |||
| PAHO (1935)[77] | Colombia/ Jamaica/ Panama |
Case series | ND/ Health facility / Community |
5 | ND | Choco | 4,000 | 1930–1934 | |||
| National/ Subnational, Localities: 5 |
9–61 |
0.6–16.4 | 1935 | ||||||||
| PAHO (1936)[78] | 5 | Case series | ND | 6 (0–15)/5 | ND | National and subnational | 1–651 | 1936 | |||
| PAHO (1937)[79] | 7 | Case series | School/ ND | 6 (children)/5 | ND | National and subnational | 0–95,779 | 1937 | |||
| PAHO (1939)[80] | 3 | Case series | ND | 6(0-5/5-10/10-20)/5 | 3/ND | ND | National and subnational | 260–4,690 | 1939 | ||
| Samame (1952)[81] | 15 | Case series | ND | 5 | ND | National and subnational | 0–4.9 | 1952 | |||
| Bica et al. (1957)[82] | 40 | Case series | ND | 5 | ND | National | 0–528,243 | 1937–1956 | |||
| Hopkins (1977)[83] | 5 | Case series | ND | 5 | ND | National and subnational | 4–61,353 | 1950–1975 | |||
| WHO (1981)[84] | 18 | Case series | ND | 5 | ND | National | 0–4,742 | 1971–1979 | |||
| WHO (1984)[85] | 13 | Case series | ND | 5 | ND | National | 1–627 | 1977–1982 | |||
| Antal et al. (1985)[6] | 15 | Case series | ND | 5 | ND | National | 0–2,065 | 1971–1981 | |||
| St John (1985)[86] | Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | Case series | ND | 5 | ND |
National and subnational |
18 | 0.0 | 1956–1958 | 67 | |
| Suriname/Colombia | 120–215 | 1979–1983 | |||||||||
| Meheus et al (1992)[8] | 7 | Case series | Community/ School/ Health facility |
6 (school-children)/5 | ND | National | 0–241 | 1977–1992 |
ND: Not documented
Subarea: Name of the 1st administrative level; number of municipalities or 2nd administrative level; number of localities (cities or villages).
Age groups: (1) WHO age range categories recommended (0–4 /5-9/ 10–14 /≥15 years); (2) 5–9 years exclusively; (3) 10–14 years exclusively; (4) ≥ 15 years exclusively; (5) when studies did not report age group differences; (6) other age group classification.
Type of diagnosis: (1) Clinical diagnosis exclusively; (2) Serological diagnosis exclusively; (3) Clinical and serological diagnosis, with or without darkfield/histology examination; (4) Clinical and darkfield/ histology examination.
Serological test: (1) treponemal test; (2) non-treponemal; (3) treponemal test +non treponemal test.
(*) United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2017). World Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision, DVD Edition. Available at: https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Standard/Population/