Table 2.
Prevalence (95% CI) of cardiometabolic risk factors according to different phenotypes of obesity and different metabolic phenotypes
| Different phenotypes of obesity | Different metabolic phenotypes of obesity | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | Normal a (n = 2938) |
Only abdominal obesity b (n = 101) | Only generalized Obesity c (n = 450) | Combined obesity d (n = 312) | MHNO e (n = 3202) | MHO f (n = 340) | MNHNO g (n = 120) | MNHO h (n = 68) |
| Girls | ||||||||
| Elevated TG | 28.46 (26.2,30.8) | 29.57 (23.7,36.2) | 40 (28.2,53.1) | 23.93 (17.1,32.4) | 26.11 (24,28.3)* | 19.71 (13.9,27.1)* | 90.91 (81.1,95.9)* | 76 (56.8,88.4)* |
| Elevated TC | 4.87 (3.9,6.1) | 4.35 (2.4,7.7) | 6 (2.1,16.2) | 4.27 (1.8,9.8) | 4.9 (3.9,6.1) | 5.11 (2.5,10.2) | 3.64 (0.9,13.5) | 4 (0.5,24) |
| Elevated LDL | 18.57 (16.7,20.6) | 16.09 (11.9,21.3) | 14 (6.8,26.5) | 20.51 (14, 23) | 18.38 (16.6,20.3) | 20.44 (14.7,27.8) | 10.91 (5,22.3) | 8 (1.9,27.5) |
| Low HDL | 25.56 (23.3,28) | 23.91 (18.7,30) | 34 (22,48.4) | 32.48 (24,42.2) | 23.15 (21.1,25.4)* | 25.5 (18.2,34.5)* | 81.82 (69.3,90)* | 76 (55.6,88.9)* |
| Dyslipidemia | 53.67 (51.1,56.2) | 53.04 (46.6,59.4) | 60 (46.2,72.4) | 62.39 (53.4,70.6) | 51.71 (49.3,54.1)* | 55.47 (46.6,64)* | 100* | 100* |
| High SBP | 2.8 (2.4,3.2)* | 2.34 (1.5,3.6)* | 10.53 (6.8,15.9)* | 7.55 (5.6,10)* | 1.55 (1,2.3)* | 4.38 (2,9.4)* | 5.45 (1.7,15.8)* | 8 (2,27.3)* |
| High DBP | 8.9 (8.2,9.7)* | 10.67 (8.8,12.9)* | 15.13 (10.5,21.3)* | 19.82 (16.7,23.4)* | 6.9 (5.8,8.2)* | 9.49 (5.7,15.4)* | 38.18 (27,50.8)* | 56 (35.5,74.6)* |
| High BP | 10.06 (9.3,10.9)* | 11.25 (9.3,13.5)* | 19.74 (14.7,25.9)* | 21.98 (18.6,25.8)* | 7.48 (6.3,8.8)* | 12.41 (7.9,18.8)* | 38.18 (27, 50.8)* | 56 (35.5,74.6)* |
| Elevated FBS | 3.46 (2.7,4.4) | 4.78 (2.7,8.3) | 2 (0.3,13) | 3.42 (1.3,8.6) | 2.9 (2.2,3.8)* | 0.73 (0.1,5)* | 25.45 (16,37.9)* | 16 (6.4,34.6)* |
| MetS | 1.38 (0.9,2.2)* | 15.8 (11.6,21.1)* | 6.67 (2.1,18.9)* | 18.8 (12.6,27.1)* | 0 | 0 | 100* | 100* |
| Boys | ||||||||
| Elevated TG | 26.54 (24.4,28.8) | 27.27 (21.6,33.7) | 25.49 (15.4,39.1) | 30.26 (23.9,37.4) | 24.29 (22.3,26.4)* | 17.24 (12.5,23.2)* | 83.08 (71,90.8)* | 86.05 (71.7,93.7)* |
| Elevated TC | 5.32 (4.3,6.5) | 4.09 (2.1,7.7) | 1.96 (0.3,12.7) | 3.59 (1.7,7.3) | 5.27 (4.3,6.4) | 2.46 (1,5.7) | 4.61 (1.5,13.3) | 6.98 (2.3,19.4) |
| Elevated LDL | 16.56 (14.8,18.4) | 18.64 (14,24.7) | 15.69 (8.1,28.2) | 19.49 (14.5,25.6) | 17.08 (15.4,18.9) | 16.75 (12.2,22.5) | 15.38 (8.5,26.2) | 27.91 (16.1,43.8) |
| Low HDL | 33.51 (31.4,35.6) | 30 (24.3,36.4) | 25.49 (15.3,39.2) | 32.82 (26.7,39.6) | 31.01 (29,33.1)* | 22.17 (17.4,27.9)* | 89.23 (78.6,94.9)* | 74.42 (60,84.9)* |
| Dyslipidemia | 56.9 (54.5,59.3) | 59.09 (52.5,65.4) | 54.9 (40.6,68.4) | 58.46 (51.4,65.2) | 55.66 (53.3,58)* | 48.77 (41.9,55.7)* | 98.46 (89.7,99.8)* | 100* |
| High SBP | 2.27 (1.9,2.7)* | 2.88 (1.9,4.2)* | 4.21 (2.1,8.1)* | 8.13 (6.4,10.3)* | 2.12 (1.5,2.9)* | 3.94 (2,7.6)* | 10.77 (5.2,20.9)* | 18.6 (9.9,32.3)* |
| High DBP | 8.96 (8.3, 9.7)* | 12.14 (10.1,14.5)* | 15.26 (11.1,20.7)* | 19.01 (16.3,22)* | 7.08 (6,8.3)* | 13.3 (9.3,18.6)* | 41.54 (29.8,54.3)* | 44.19 (29.9,52.4)* |
| High BP | 9.85 (9.1,10.6)* | 13.22 (11.,15.6)* | 16.32 (11.9,21.9)* | 20.61 (17.8,23.7)* | 7.8 (6.7,9.1)* | 13.79 (9.7,19.2)* | 44.62 (32.7,57.2)* | 46.51 (32,61.6)* |
| Elevated FBS | 4.93 (3.9,6.2) | 4.54 (2.3,8.7) | 3.92 (0.9,14.5) | 3.59 (1.7,7.3) | 3.63 (2.8,4.6)* | 1.97 (0.7,5.1)* | 36.92 (26.2,49.1)* | 11.63 (4.8,25.4)* |
| MetS | 2.13 (1.5,3)* | 15.28 (11.1,20.6)* | 1.96 (0.3,12.7)* | 21.54 (15.9,28.4)* | 0 | 0 | 100* | 100* |
| Total | ||||||||
| Elevated TG | 27.47 (25.9,29.1) | 32.67 (24.2,42.4) | 28.44 (24.2,33.2) | 27.88 (23.1,33.9) | 25.17 (23.7,26.7)* | 18.24 (14.4,22.8)* | 86.67 (79,91.8)* | 82.35 (71.2,89.8)* |
| Elevated TC | 5.1 (4.4,5.9) | 4.22 (2.7,6.5) | 3.96 (1.6,9.2) | 3.85 (2.2,6.6) | 5.09 (4.4,5.8) | 3.53 (2.1,5.9) | 4.16 (1.7,9.6) | 5.88 (2.2,14.7) |
| Elevated LDL | 17.53 (16.2,18.9) | 17.33 (14.1,21.2) | 14.85 (9,23.6) | 19.87 (15.8,24.6) | 17.71 (16.5,19) | 18.24 (14.5,21.1) | 13.33 (8.1,21.1) | 20.59 (11.9,33.1) |
| Low HDL | 29.7 (28.2, 31.2) | 26.7 (22.8,31.4) | 29.7 (21.5,39.4) | 32.7 (27.7,38.1) | 27.2 (25.8,28.9)* | 23.53 (19.3,28.4)* | 85.83 (78.4,91)* | 75 (63.6,83.7)* |
| Dyslipidemia | 55.34 (53.5,57.1) | 56 (51.1,60.7) | 57.43 (47.4,66.9) | 59.94 (54.6,65.1) | 53.75 (52,55.5)* | 51.47 (46.1,56.8)* | 99.17 (94.3,99.9)* | 100 * |
| High SBP | 2.53 (2.3,2.8)* | 2.6 (1.9,3.5)* | 7 (4.8,10.1)* | 7.9 (6.5,9.4)* | 1.84 (1.4,2.3)* | 4.12 (2.4,7)* | 8.33 (4.6,14.7)* | 14.71 (8.2,24.9)* |
| High DBP | 8.9 (8.4,9.5)* | 11.4 (9.9,13)* | 15.2 (11.9,19.2)* | 19.37 (17.3,21.6)* | 6.99 (6.2,7.9)* | 11.76 (8.8,15.6)* | 40 (31.5, 49.2)* | 48.53 (36.5,60.8)* |
| High BP | 9.9 (9.4,10.5)* | 12.2 (10.8,13.8)* | 17.8 (14.4,21.9)* | 21.22 (19.1,23.5)* | 7.65 (6.8,8.5)* | 13.24 (10.1,17.2)* | 41.67 (33.1,50.8)* | 50 (37.8,62.2)* |
| Elevated FBS | 4.22 (3.5,5) | 4.7 (3,7.2) | 2.97 (0.9,8.8) | 3.5 (1.9,6.3) | 3.28 (2.7,4)* | 1.47 (0.6,3.5)* | 31.67 (24.1,40.3)* | 13.24 (7,23.6)* |
| MetS | 1.77 (1.3,2.3)* | 15.54 (12.4,19.2)* | 4.17 (1.5,10.7)* | 20.51 (16.2,25.6)* | 0 | 0 | 100* | 100* |
MetS: metabolic syndrome; FBS, fasting blood sugar; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; BMI: body mass index; WHtR: waist to height ratio; MHNO: Metabolic healthy non obese; MHO: Metabolic healthy obese; MNHNO: Metabolic non healthy non obese; MNHO: Metabolic non healthy obese
aNormal: 5th < BMI < 85th age sex specific percentile and WHtR<0.5
bOnly abdominal obesity: WHtR>0.5 and 5th < BMI < 85th age sex specific percentile
c Only generalized obesity: BMI > 95th age sex specific percentile and WHtR<0.5 and
d Combined Obesity: BMI > 95th age sex specific percentile and WHtR>0.5
e MHNO: Without metabolic syndrome and 5th < BMI < 85th age sex specific percentile
f MHO: Without metabolic syndrome and BMI > 95th age sex specific percentile
g MNHNO: having metabolic syndrome and 5th < BMI < 85th age sex specific percentile
h MNHO: Having metabolic syndrome and BMI > 95th age sex specific percentile
Dyslipidemia: at least one of thecomponents (TG, HDL, LDL, TC) are abnormal; Low HDL: HDL < 40 mg/dL (except in boys 15 ± 19 y old, that cut-off was <45 mg/dL); High LDL: LDL > 110 mg/dL; High TG: TG > 100 mg/dL; High TC: TC > 200 mg/dL; HighFBS: FBS > 100 mg/dL; High blood pressure: BP > 90th (adjusted by age, sex, height); Metabolic syndrome: ATP-III criteria.* P ≤ 0.05 is considered as significant