Table 3.
Mean (95% CI) of cardiometabolic risk factors according to different phenotypes of obesity in Iranian children and adolescents
| Total | Normal a (n = 2938) |
Abdominal obesity b (n = 101) | Generalized obesity c (n = 450) | Combined Obesity d (n = 312) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Girls | ||||||
| Weight (kg) | 40.4 (40.2,40.6) | 37.6 (37.3,39.2) | 41.7 (40.7,42.6) | 56.5 (53.6,59.4) | 60.1 (58.6,61.6) | <0.001 |
| Height (cm) | 144.9 (144.7145.1) | 144.9 (144.6145.2) | 142.6 (141.6143.6) | 147.8 (145.2150.4) | 148.1 (146.8149.4) | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 18.5 (18.4,18.6) | 17.3 (17.2,17.4) | 19.6 (19.4,19.9) | 25.4 (24.5,26.2) | 26.8 (26.4,27.2) | <0.001 |
| WC (cm) | 65.8 (65.5,66) | 62.4 (62.2,62.5) | 76 (75.4,76.6) | 66.1 (63.9,68.3) | 82.6 (81.8,83.5) | <0.001 |
| HC (cm) | 79.3 (79.1,79.6) | 77.1 (76.8,77.4) | 82.4 (81.5,83.3) | 84.4 (81.1,87.7) | 95.4 (94.1,96.7) | <0.001 |
| WHtR | 0.45 (0.45,0.45) | 0.43 (0.43,0.43) | 0.53 (0.53,0.54) | 0.44 (0.43,0.45) | 0.56 (0.55,0.57) | <0.001 |
| TG (mg/dL) | 89 (87.1,91) | 88.9 (86.7,91.2) | 89.5 (83.8,95.1) | 99.5 (86.5112.6) | 85.6 (79,92.3) | 0.32 |
| TC (mg/dL) | 152.9 (151.8154.1) | 155.2 (153.9156.6) | 153.5 (150.2156.7) | 152 (145.2158.8) | 153.1 (148.2158) | 0.58 |
| LDL (mg/dL) | 90.9 (89.8,91.8) | 91.2 (90.1,92.3) | 89.3 (86.5,92.1) | 87.9 (82.1,93.7) | 90.9 (86.9,94.9) | 0.51 |
| HDL (mg/dL) | 46.1 (45.7,46.6) | 46.3 (45.7,46.8) | 46.3 (44.9,47.7) | 44.1 (41.6,46.7) | 45.1 (43.1,47.1) | 0.29 |
| SBP (mm Hg) | 98.8 (98.5,99) | 98 (97.7,98.2) | 98.7 (97.9,99.5) | 104.2 (102.3106.1) | 105 (103.9106.2) | <0.001 |
| DBP (mm Hg) | 63.6 (63.4,63.8) | 63.1 (62.8,63.3) | 63.9 (63.2,64.5) | 65.8 (64.3,67.3) | 67.4 (66.4,68.4) | <0.001 |
| FBS (mg/dL) | 91.2 (90.8,91.6) | 91.3 (90.8,91.8) | 91.7 (90.4,93.1) | 89.9 (87.3,92.5) | 90 (87.8,92.2) | 0.45 |
| Boys | ||||||
| Weight (kg) | 42.4 (42.1,42.6) | 38.9 (38.7,39.2) | 43.2 (42.1,44.3) | 56.6 (52.9,60.4) | 63.5 (62,65) | <0.001 |
| Height (cm) | 148.1 (144.7145.1) | 148 (147.7148.3) | 145.6 (144.4146.8) | 148.1 (145.4150.9) | 152.1 (150.7153.5) | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 18.5 (18.4,18.6) | 17 (16.9,17.1) | 19.3 (19.1,19.5) | 25.6 (23.4,27.5) | 26.6 (26.2,27) | <0.001 |
| WC (cm) | 67.6 (67.4,67.9) | 63.7 (63.5,63.9) | 77.6 (76.9,78.4) | 65.1 (63.5,66.8) | 87 (86.1,87.9) | <0.001 |
| HC (cm) | 78.9 (78.7,79.1) | 76.5 (76.2,76.7) | 81.7 (80.9,82.6) | 80.3 (77.9,82.7) | 94.7 (93.8,95.7) | <0.001 |
| WHtR | 0.45 (0.45,0.46) | 0.43 (0.42,0.43) | 0.53 (0.53,0.54) | 0.44 (0.43,0.45) | 0.57 (0.56,0.58) | <0.001 |
| TG (mg/dL) | 87.1 (85.1,89.2) | 86.5 (84.4, 88.7) | 88.5 (82.6,94.4) | 83.3 (71.9,94.8) | 91.8 (84.4,99.2) | 0.4 |
| TC (mg/dL) | 154.8 (153.6156) | 152.5 (151.1153.9) | 153.7 (149.8157.6) | 150.9 (142.9158.8) | 156.5 (152.8160.1) | 0.27 |
| LDL (mg/dL) | 89.3 (88.4,90.2) | 89.1 (88,90.2) | 89.4 (86.3,92.5) | 85.8 (78.9,92.8) | 92.1 (89.1,95.1) | 0.23 |
| HDL (mg/dL) | 46.2 (45.8,46.6) | 446.1 (45.6,46.6) | 46.6 (45.1,48) | 48.3 (45.1,51.6) | 46 (44.6,47.3) | 0.4 |
| SBP (mm Hg) | 99.5 (99.3,99.8) | 98.7 (98.4,98.9) | 100.2 (99.4101) | 101.7 (100.3103.1) | 105.2 (104.2106.1) | <0.001 |
| DBP (mm Hg) | 64.1 (63.9,64.3) | 63.4 (63.2,63.7) | 64.5 (63.8,65.2) | 65.6 (64.3,66.9) | 68 (67.2,68.8) | <0.001 |
| FBS (mg/dL) | 92.1 (91.5,92.6) | 92 (91.3,92.6) | 93.5 (92.2,94.9) | 90.6 (87.2,94.1) | 91.4 (90.2,92.7) | 0.26 |
| Total | ||||||
| Weight (kg) | 41.4 (41.2,41.6) | 38.3 (38.1,38.4) | 42.5 (41.7,43.2) | 56.5 (54.2,58.9) | 62 (60.1,63.1) | <0.001 |
| Height (cm) | 146.6 (146.4146.7) | 146.5 (146.3146.7) | 144.1 (143.3144.9) | 148 (146.1149.9) | 150.3 (149.3151.3) | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 18.5 (18.4,18.6) | 17.2 (17.1,17.2) | 19.5 (19.3,19.6) | 25.5 (24.4,26.6) | 26.7 (26.4,27) | <0.001 |
| WC (cm) | 66.7 (66.6,66.9) | 63 (62.9,63.2) | 76.8 (76.3,77.3) | 65.5 (64.1,66.9) | 85.1 (84.4,85.7) | <0.001 |
| HC (cm) | 79.1 (79,79.3) | 76.8 (76.6,77) | 82.1 (81.4,82.7) | 82.2 (80.1,84.2) | 95 (94.2,95.8) | <0.001 |
| WHtR | 0.46(0.45,0.46) | 0.43 (0.43,0.43) | 0.53 (0.53,0.54) | 0.44 (0.43,0.45) | 0.57 (0.56,0.57) | <0.001 |
| TG (mg/dL) | 88 (86.6,89.5) | 87.7 (86.1,92) | 92.6 (91.7,93.6) | 90.3 (88.1,92.4) | 90.9 (89.7,92.1) | 0.74 |
| TC (mg/dL) | 153.8 (153,154.7) | 153.8 (152.9154.8) | 153.6 (150.9156.2) | 151.4 (145.8157) | 155.2 (152.3158.2) | 0.65 |
| LDL (mg/dL) | 90 (89.4,90.1) | 90.1 (89.3,90.9) | 89.3 (87.2,91.5) | 86.9 (82,91.8) | 91.7 (89.3,94) | 0.26 |
| HDL (mg/dL) | 46.2 (45.9,46.5) | 46.2 (45.8,46.5) | 46.4 (45.3,47.5) | 46.3 (44.2,48.4) | 45.7 (44.5,46.8) | 0.77 |
| SBP (mm Hg) | 99.2 (99,99.3) | 98.3 (98.1,98.5) | 99.4 (98.9100) | 102.8 (101.7104) | 105.1 (104.4105.9) | <0.001 |
| DBP (mm Hg) | 63.8 (63.7,64) | 63.2 (63.1,63.4) | 64.2 (63.7,64.6) | 65.7 (64.7,66.7) | 67.7 (67.1,68.3) | <0.001 |
| FBS (mg/dL) | 91.6 (91.3,92) | 91.6 (91.2,92) | 92.6 (91.7,93.6) | 90.3 (88.1,92.4) | 90.9 (89.7,92.1) | 0.14 |
BMI, body mass index; WC, waist circumference; HC: hip circumference; FBS, fasting blood sugar; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; BMI: body mass index; WHtR: waist to height ratio;
a Normal: 5th < BMI < 85th age sex specific percentile and WHtR<0.5
b Only abdominal obesity: WHtR>0.5 and 5th < BMI < 85th age sex specific percentile
c Only generalized obesity: BMI > 95th age sex specific percentile and WHtR<0.5 and
d Combined Obesity: BMI > 95th age sex specific percentile and WHtR>0.5
*P ≤ 0.05 is considered as significant