Table 1.
Characteristics of study participants
| Characteristics | Total | Men (n = 99) | Women (n = 142) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 57.99 ± 10.88 | 58.95 ± 10.98 | 57.04 ± 10.77 | 0.18 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | ||||
| Underweight | 9(3.8) | 5(5.1) | 4(2.8) | 0.015 |
| Normal weight | 107(44.6) | 53(54.1) | 54(38.0) | |
| Overweight | 80(33.3) | 30(30.6) | 50(35.2) | |
| Obese | 44(18.3) | 10(10.4) | 34(23.9) | |
| Education | 0.0001 | |||
| Tertiary | 36(14.9) | 21(21.2) | 15(10.6) | |
| Senior high school | 57(23.7) | 33(33.3) | 24(16.9) | |
| Junior high school | 78(32.4) | 30(30.3) | 48(33.8) | |
| Lower primary | 28(11.6) | 8(8.1) | 20(14.1) | |
| No formal education | 42(17.4) | 7(7.1) | 35(24.6) | |
| Marital status | ||||
| Married | 164(68.0) | 91(91.9) | 73(51.4) | 0.0001 |
| Never married | 4(1.7) | 1(1.0) | 3(2.1) | |
| Divorced | 25(10.4) | 5(5.0) | 20(14.1) | |
| Widowed | 48(19.9) | 2(2.0) | 46(32.4) | |
| Occupation | ||||
| Employed | 133(55.2) | 67(67.7) | 66(46.5) | 0.0001 |
| Retired | 35(14.5) | 18(18.2) | 17(12.0) | |
| Unemployed | 51(21.1) | 8(8.1) | 43(30.3) | |
| Informal employment | 22(9.1) | 6(6.1) | 16(11.3) | |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 139.60 ± 24.32 | 140.73 ± 24.01 | 138.48 ± 24.64 | 0.483 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 81.61 ± 13.75 | 81.74 ± 13.75 | 81.47 ± 13.74 | 0.878 |
| Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/l) | 9.11 ± 4.42 | 8.75 ± 4.51 | 9.48 ± 4.34 | 0.213 |
| Glycated haemoglobin (%) | 8.22 ± 2.06 | 7.93 ± 1.97 | 8.51 ± 2.15 | 0.031 |
| TC (mmol/l) | 4.69 ± 1.22 | 4.49 ± 1.09 | 4.89 ± 1.36 | 0.015 |
| TG (mmol/l) | 1.26 ± 0.56 | 1.21 ± 0.55 | 1.32 ± 0.57 | 0.13 |
| HDL-c (mmol/l) | 1.34 ± 0.31 | 1.24 ± 0.28 | 1.44 ± 0.33 | 0.0001 |
| NonHDL-c (mmol/l) | 3.35 ± 1.19 | 3.25 ± 1.03 | 3.45 ± 1.36 | 0.208 |
| VLDL-c (mmol/l) | 2.78 ± 1.13 | 2.70 ± 0.99 | 2.86 ± 1.27 | 0.145 |
| LDL-c (mmol/l) | 0.58 ± 0.26 | 0.55 ± 0.25 | 0.60 ± 0.26 | 0.301 |
| Coronary risk | 4.98 ± 1.48 | 5.09 ± 1.33 | 4.88 ± 1.64 | 0.286 |
| Creatinine (mmol/l) | 108.42 ± 40.2 | 119.81 ± 38.64 | 97.03 ± 41.76 | 0.0001 |
| Urea (mmol/l) | 4.13 ± 1.80 | 4.38 ± 1.95 | 3.87 ± 1.65 | 0.028 |
| Uric acid (mmol/l) | 324.24 ± 96.61 | 374.52 ± 100.73 | 273.95 ± 92.49 | 0.0001 |
| eGFR (per mL/min/1.73m2) | 73.35 ± 25.15 | 73.04 ± 24.96 | 73.66 ± 25.33 | 0.852 |
| Family history and activity | ||||
| Diabetes family history (yes) | 184(76.3) | 68(68.7) | 116(81.7) | 0.053 |
| Smoking (yes) | 33(13.7) | 28(28.3) | 5(3.5) | 0.0001 |
| Drinking (Yes) | 103(42.7) | 58(58.6) | 45(31.7) | 0.0001 |
| Physical activity | ||||
| Primarily sedentary | 80(32.8) | 32(31.7) | 48(33.8) | 0.035 |
| Moderate activity | 161(66.8) | 67(67.7) | 94(66.2) | |
Data is expressed as mean ± standard deviation or (n %). Statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) are bold