Table 2.
Characteristics of study participants with or without CKD risk
| Variables | Total | CKD | No CKD | ×2 | p | aOR (95%CI) | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | 0.38 | 0.315 | |||||
| Male | 99(41.1) | 33(44.0) | 66(39.8) | 1# | |||
| Female | 142(58.9) | 42(56.0) | 100(60.2) | 0.84(0.48–1.45) | 0.573 | ||
| Age (years) | 40.53 | 0.0001 | |||||
| 31–40 | 14 (5.8) | 1(0.0) | 13 (8.4) | 1# | |||
| 41–50 | 49(20.3) | 7(9.3) | 42(25.3) | 2.16 (0.24–19.29) | 0.671 | ||
| 51–60 | 81(33.6) | 18(24.0) | 63(38.0) | 3.71 (0.45–30.36) | 0.288 | ||
| 61–70 | 68(28.2) | 30(40.0) | 38(22.9) | 10.26(1.27–82.98) | 0.013 | ||
| 71–80 | 29(12.0) | 20(26.7) | 9(5.4) | 28.86(3.26–225.9) | 0.0002 | ||
| Education | 11.32 | 0.023 | |||||
| Tertiary | 36(14.9) | 11(14.7) | 25(15.1) | 1.0# | |||
| Senior high school | 57(23.7) | 14(18.7) | 43(25.9) | 0.74(0.29–1.88) | 0.632 | ||
| Junior high school | 78(32.4) | 28(37.3) | 50(30.1) | 1.27(0.54–2.96) | 0.673 | ||
| Lower primary | 28(11.6) | 3(4.0) | 25(15.1) | 0.27(0.06–1.09) | 0.072 | ||
| No formal education | 42(17.4) | 19(25.3) | 23(13.9) | 1.88(0.74–4.77) | 0.244 | ||
| Marital Status | 2.2 | 0.699 | |||||
| Married | 164(68.0) | 47(62.7) | 117(70.5) | 1# | |||
| Never married | 4(1.7) | 1(1.3) | 3(1.8) | 0.82(0.08–8.18) | 0.998 | ||
| Divorced/separated | 25(10.4) | 8(10.7) | 17(10.2) | 1.17(0.47–2.89) | 0.814 | ||
| Widowed | 48(19.9) | 19(25.3) | 29(17.5) | 1.63(0.83–3.19) | 0.159 | ||
| Occupation | 10.35 | 0.035 | |||||
| Employed | 133(55.2) | 33(44.0) | 100(60.2) | 1# | |||
| Retired | 35(14.5) | 18(24.0) | 17(10.2) | 3.21(1.48–6.94) | 0.0036 | ||
| Unemployed | 51(21.1) | 17(22.7) | 34(20.4) | 1.51(0.75–3.06) | 0.269 | ||
| Informal employment | 22(9.1) | 7(9.3) | 15(9.0) | 1.41(0.53–3.76) | 0.599 | ||
| Physical activity | 8.4 | 0.038 | |||||
| Primarily sedentary | 79(32.8) | 35(45.9) | 45(27.1) | 2.28(1.29–4.01) | 0.0051 | ||
| Sedentary with activity | 161(66.8) | 41(54.7) | 120(72.3) | 1# | |||
| Biochemical data | |||||||
| FPG (mmol/l) | 9.05 ± 4.49 | 8.71 ± 4.72 | 9.39 ± 4.27 | 0.27 | |||
| HbA1c (%) | 8.16 ± 2.08 | 7.88 ± 2.07 | 8.45 ± 2.08 | 0.049 | |||
| TC (mmol/l) | 4.72 ± 1.28 | 4.71 ± 1.29 | 4.73 ± 1.27 | 0.94 | |||
| TG (mmol/l) | 1.29 ± 0.55 | 1.37 ± 0.54 | 1.22 ± 0.57 | 0.71 | |||
| HDL-c (mmol/l) | 1.34 ± 0.33 | 1.33 ± 0.37 | 1.36 ± 0.30 | 0.612 | |||
| NonHDL-c (mmol/l) | 3.37 ± 1.25 | 3.37 ± 1.27 | 3.37 ± 1.23 | 0.979 | |||
| LDL-c (mmol/l) | 2.78 ± 1.17 | 2.75 ± 1.18 | 2.80 ± 1.16 | 0.74 | |||
| Creatinine (μmol/l) | 117.17 ± 35.14 | 145.75 ± 50.83 | 88.59 ± 19.46 | <0.0001 | |||
| Urea (mmol/l) | 4.38 ± 1.77 | 5.17 ± 2.35 | 3.58 ± 1.19 | <0.0001 | |||
| Uric acid (μmol/l) | 327.82 ± 106.56 | 361.10 ± 115.37 | 294.54 ± 97.75 | <0.0001 | |||
| eGFR | 66.02 ± 15.39 | 46.48 ± 11.19 | 85.57 ± 19.60 | <0.0001 | |||
| (per mL/min/1.73 m2) | |||||||
aOR: adjusted odds ratio, CI confidence interval. Multivariate regression model was adjusted for age and gender; #: reference, Statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) are bold